The biblical texts are often not the work of a single author. I’m reading II Corinthians and the scholars speculate that it is composed of two or more letters of St. Paul. This is based on the unusual wording in some parts, a sudden shift of Paul’s temperament, and/or the appearance of some verses that seem to interrupt a certain train of thought.
In other words, the editor or “redactor” may have made some changes, either intentionally or otherwise.
Sometimes a series of verses has the structure
D
C
B
A
X
A’
B’
C’
D’
where the layout of the verses repeats earlier verses almost unchanged, to highlight the verse X. When this type of structure is upset in some way, it suggests that some error has occurred, such as in transcription.
So, there are ways to virtually prove that something has happened to disrupt an expected structure.
These techniques most often require knowledge of the original languages.
One Jewish commentary makes an interesting observation about the Hebrew text of Genesis 1. We all can read in English that it’s talking about 7 days of creation. But, in Hebrew, the number 7 is emphasized to a much greater extent: The verses have either seven Hebrew words or a multiple of seven Hebrew words. The pattern of “God said … and it was so…and God saw that it was good” was in one place not followed, in order to make the word count come out.
Islam’s understanding of Christianity is through the “lens” of the Arian heresy, which denied that Jesus was God. Of course the gospels say over and over that Jesus is God. But, the Muslims do not accept these beliefs and they also deny that Jesus died on the cross.
Christ must have died in order to have been resurrected, for one thing. Notice Islam has copied Jesus’s ascension into heaven by having Mohammed ascend into heaven, from the rock that is now inside the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Hillaire Belloc (early 20th century apologist) describes Islam as a heresy from Christianity OUTSIDE of Christianity.
So, Islam’s perspectives should be taken into account, when considering their attacks on Judaism and Christianity. Their annual festival of the Haj – the trip to Mecca – parallels the trips to Jerusalem that were spelled out by the Jewish Torah.
Modern Jewish synagogues often are built in the direction of Jerusalem, just as Muslim gather to pray 5 times a day and face Mecca. Islam is described as the last of the great monotheistic religions, but there’s a lot of “borrowing” from the others, including their notion of purgatory, where everyone is eventually cleansed (no Hell in Islam) and gains admission to the divine presence.
A form like this can only hit the highlights of whatever topic is in view.