Please explain, exactly what does that mean, and how was it ONLY meant for Peter?
Sure. First, the “Peter only” question. That’s a grammar question, so it’s easy. In Mt 16, Jesus says “what you bind on earth…” and in Mt 18 Jesus says, “what you bind on earth…”. For readers of English, there’s no difference there. That’s because we don’t have distinct words for you (singular) and you (plural), unless you live down south and say “you”, “ya’ll” (and “all ya’ll”)! But, that’s exactly what’s going on here! In Mt 16, Jesus is talking to one person (Peter), and in Mt 18, to many (the apostles). Here’s what it looks like in a couple languages, so that you can compare and see the differences:
Spanish:
Mt 16 – todo lo que
ligares en la tierra será ligado en los cielos
Mt 18 – todo lo que
ligareis en la tierra, será ligado en el cielo
French:
Mt 16 – tout ce que
tu interdiras sur la terre sera interdit aux yeux de Dieu
Mt 18 – tout ce que
vous interdirez sur la terre sera interdit aux yeux de Dieu
(The same thing happens in the Greek:
δήσῃς (“you”) and
δήσητε (“ya’ll”).)
So, in Mt 16, Jesus is saying “you” to Peter, and in Mt 18, Jesus is saying “ya’ll” to the apostles.
That’s how we know that “the keys” and the text in Mt 16 are only directed to Peter.
Next question: why does that, then, mean that there are things that only apply to the Church Jesus founded, and which continue to hold to apostolic succession?
Well, Jesus founded a
Church, not an umbrella organization of many churches and denominations. And, He gave authority to
that Church and that Church alone. When denominations broke away, and no longer participated in the form of the Church that Jesus founded, they were no longer part of that Church. They were
related to the Church in various ways, but they literally walked away from it. So, in walking away from the Church, they walked away from the source of teaching. And, since that authority (and the protection against error) in teaching was given divinely by Christ, therefore we have two dynamics:
- only the Church can teach authoritatively
- only the Church is divinely protected against teaching errors
So, those who left, when they created
their own teachings that were in conflict with the Church’s teachings, created a conundrum. If one group says “Red” and the other group says “Black”, who’s right? In this case, it seems clear that the answer should be “the group who was given the authority to teach and the divine protection against teaching errors.” So, when there’s a difference of doctrine between Catholics and any Protestant denomination, we turn to Christ and say “
He’s the one who gives us authority.” (Protestants can no longer say that, since by doing so, they’d be admitting that the Church has authority and they don’t. So, they come up with a different argument for authority, but that’s a whole 'nother conversation.)
So, Peter alone was given the ‘keys’ and the authority to lead the Church. Which Church, today, continues to have leadership from a successor to Peter? Yep, you got it: the Catholic Church!