Now your questions.
“Why do the planets have those paths they trace across the sky?”
They do so according to some law created by God. I now tend towards electromagnetism, the only proven phenomenon capable of moving things and holding things immobile.
**“Now we know [and] understand, as we did not in the time of Ptolemy, that gravity doesn’t merely apply to an apple falling to the earth, it is an attraction between all objects.” **
No we do not. The only ‘physics’ postulated as to what drives the moon and planets in their orbits was heliocentric physics. First it was Newton who proposed his theory of Universal Gravitation that you say ‘we know and understand’. Now you have been trained to ‘know’ Newton’s ‘law of gravity’. You have never had a choice because after Newton’s Law of gravitation it was bye, bye geocentrism. From 1700 geocentrism was gone, so 300 years of speculation was one-sided science.
Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force
that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the squares of the distance between them.
In other words, matter moves itself. Yeh, the perfect perpetual-motion theory.
‘But’, I hear you say, ‘surely scientists throughout the last 300 years eventually confirmed Newton’s law of gravitation - with that instant attraction inherent in every particle of matter and manifested in the movements of the solar system - to be correct? Well actually to begin with, before we come to Einstein’s correction of his theory, even he could not come to terms with his own idea, let alone the many universities in Catholic Europe as Andrew White tells us, for who could take seriously a man that would promulgate a theory as a law that he himself knew had no possible empirical justification. Let us now see what he said in some letters on gravitation sent to the Rev. Richard Bentley soon after his Principia was published:
‘You sometimes speak on gravity as essential and inherent to matter.
Pray do not ascribe that notion to me…’
‘It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation of something else which is not material, operate upon and effect the matter without mutual contact…is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man who, in philosophical matters, has a competent faculty of th¬inking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether the agent be material or immaterial I have left to the consideration of my readers.’ — Newton’s Correspondence, Royal Society Edition, 1693.
Perhaps the biggest problem for Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation lay in the question ‘how does this attraction work through space?’ Here is a Newtonian asking the question:
‘If space is really empty how is it that the sun and moon exercise influence over the earth? “Technical action at a distance is impossible. A body can only act immediately on what it is in contact with; it must be by the action of contiguous particles – that is, practically, through a continuous medium, that force can be transmitted across space. Radiation is not the only thing the earth feels from the sun; there is in addition its gigantic gravitative pull, a force or tension more than what a million million steel rods, each seventeen feet in diameter, could stand. What mechanism transmits this gigantic force? —Sir Bertram Windle: The Church and Science, p.59.
Arthur Koestler presented this inconsistency like so:
‘Newton’s concept of a ‘gravitational force’ has always lain as an undigested lump in the stomach of science…He in fact could only get around the “absurdity” of his own concept by invoking either ubiquitous ether (whose attributes are equally paradoxical) and/or God in person. The whole notion of a ‘force’ which acts instantly at a distance without an intermediary agent, which traverses the vastest distances in seconds, and pulls at immense stellar objects with ubiquitous ghost fingers -the whole idea is so mystical and unscientific, that modern minds like Kepler, Galileo and Descar¬tes, who were fighting to break loose from Aristotelian animism, would instinctively reject it as a relapse into the past… What made Newton postulate nevertheless a modern law of nature, was his mathematical formulation of the mysterious entity to which it referred.’ — The Sleepwalkers, p.344.
So you see Ronnie, we know nothing except how to MEASURE gravity.
Newton’s Law of Gravity‘This method, of which the germ was contained in the scientific revolution initiated at the turn of the seventeenth century by Francis Bacon and which has since been adopted by every branch of science and by countless pseudo-sciences such as politics, economics, the social sciences, and even art, religion, ethics and psychology, is as follows. Take a phenomenon that can be observed, produce a mathematical measurement for it that fits, concoct a hypothesis which, however far fetched, could possibly account for the phenomenon, and finally call the hypothesis and the mathematical formula that supports it a law and regardless of whether or not there is any theoretical justification for it whatever, apply it throughout the universe. And that is all that the famous Law of Gravitation consists of.
As for satellites and probes, well they will do the same no matter what CAUSES the inertial forces about the earth and planets, be it G causes or H causes
Now here is a question for you Ronnie. The earth is supposedly doing 70,000mph. So if a spaceship blasts off the earth at 5,000mph, at what speed should it move through space to get to these planets?