As I previously posted
here in a similar context:
The nine orders are indeed mentioned in the Bible, though the basis is, in my view, exceedingly thin. For instance, Colossians 1:16: “For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him.” Now, why we would read Paul here in speaking of “thrones” and “principalities” as celestial creatures instead of as a reference to earthly kingdoms and states, I have no idea. But we do – this is one of the key Biblical passages in establishing the angelic orders of Thrones, Dominions, Principalities, and Powers.
Among the anathemata against Origen issued by the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, we
find:
II. If anyone shall [deny] that [of the immaterial intelligences] . . . some became and are called Cherubim, others Seraphim, and Principalities, and Powers, and Dominations, and Thrones, and Angels, and as many other heavenly orders as there may be: let him be anathema.
So it is, as best I can tell, a dogmatically taught truth that these orders exist. And there is a Biblical basis, for however much it may be worth. Hope this helps.
So this was dogmatically defined by an ecumenical council 1500 years ago, indicating strongly that it was a matter of common Christian belief well before then (i.e., not made up that Wednesday). Like the OP,
I don’t really see it in the Bible, but the Christians of the first few centuries of the Church apparently did.