Musings on the Darwinian grade-less gray continuum continues in defense of the actually existing non-Darwinian, non-creationist varieties of organisms:
Gould, in his review of , says Simpson is thoroughly “committed to the Darwinian view that variety is all and essence is an illusion”.
Then how, according to this view held by Gould, Simpson, and other Darwinists, can varieties exist without things that vary? That is, the idea of gradations without grades means the abolition of
things. Along these lines, G.K. Chesterton observed in , that Darwinism could be true if all distinctions, the basis of human reason, disappeared in a gray flux.
Musings on why natural science, as natural science, cannot avoid metaphysics:
What heresy has just been spoken here? Everyone knows natural science concerns itself with physical and not metaphysical reality. Well, this is certainly true in one sense, but not so true in another. By way of illustration, it is common to hear people say, “You can’t legislate morality”. However, this statement reveals a failure to understand of the nature of law. Civil or positive law is specifically the legislating of morality. Every law reflects a moral system. Concerns about law are really about which moral system or values are behind the law. One does not want laws based on an ethical system to which he objects. True cicil or human law reflects the objective natural moral law. A law that contravenes the natural law is not a true law. It is a corruption of law. This situation is common when laws are the product of legal positivism, which does not recognize the natural moral law.
Likewise, the natural sciences cannot escape metaphysics because every scientific statement, from the most trivial, to vast scientific generalizations, reflects a metaphysical vision. None other than Thomas Huxley, himself, realized that a view, which connects data and circumstances remote in space and time, is actually a metaphysical vision: it is philosophical act of faith. Huxley stated this more than once.***** However, other Darwinists failed to see the truth in Huxley’s statement or the fact that evolutionary theory necessarily reflects a metaphysical vision. Darwin’s vision, as revealed in the
Origin and
Descent is that of philosophical materialism. The materialism is more refined than what he states in his early
Notebooks.
Concerns about metaphysics and scientific statements may not be concerns about whether there is a metaphysical vision behind the statements, but rather, which metaphysics is necessarily reflected by the statements. Darwin’s metaphysical vision of materialism, reflected in his “certain” view of man’s mind differing in degree only from that of “higher animals”, the evolution of the human moral sense, and in many other places, is only corrected by a sound, traditional epistemology that sees immateriality as an essential component of every physical thing.
- For example, Huxley says, “Belief, in the scientific sense of the word, is a serious matter, and needs strong foundations. To say, therefore, in the admitted absence of evidence, that I have any belief as to mode in which the existing forms of life have originated, would be using words in a wrong sense. But expectation is permissible where belief is not; but if it were given to me to look beyond the abyss of geologically recorded time to the still more remote period when the earth was passing through physical and chemical conditions, which it can no more see again than a man can recall his infancy, I should expect to be a witness of the evolution of living protoplasm from not living matter. I should expect to see it appear under forms of great simplicity, endowed, like existing fungi, with the power of determining the formation of new protoplasm from such matters as ammonium carbonates, oxalates and tartrates, alkaline and earthy phosphates, and water, without the aid of light. That is the expectation to which analogical reasoning leads me; but I beg you once more to recollect that I have no right to call my opinion anything but an act of philosophical faith.”
Thomas Henry Huxley, : Chapter VIII: Biogenesis and Abiogenesis (The Presidential Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1870)