I had a real revelation last week, from my sister who married into a Mexican family – most of whom still live in Mexico, while my sister and her husband live in the States. I would describe all of them as part of the solidly minority middle class in Mexico, in that they are all at this point in the professions (architecture, priesthood, business management, medicine, social work) and obviously then well-educated, despite coming from blue-collar paternal roots (the railroad).
My sister favors immigration reform, but not for the sort of template reasons many people, both Catholic & non-, favor. I had explained to her recently, before her visit, some of the dynamics going on in my neighborhood – of Latino children being left alone up to 18 hours a day and how that was affecting these families, and the neighbors. She brought an insight to this that is crucial to consider, for all those sincerely concerned about the complexities of immigration – not just economic complexities, but the social consequences which occur with sudden cultural displacement. These realities directly affect the moral considerations of illegal immigration especially.
By definition, illegal immigration in most cases limits the number of family members who are resettling. For those of you who may have seen a recent investigative report on immigration & smuggling, the journey is fraught with risk and fatality, with about a 25% survival rate, and one so physically demanding that elderly relatives of those migrating generally do not come along. Yet the Mexican household, especially the rural one (from which the bulk of the undocumented migrants come), operates as an extended unit, with important family members supplementing the raising of children and the disciplining of them in the child’s home (grandparents, aunts, etc.).
When unskilled workers with low literacy rates head North, they are confronted by an economically brutal environment which even with the recent housing deflation, requires both parents to work full time in order to survive. But for the unskilled, it is worse: the minimum wages they earn, if they’re feeding more than their own mouths, are usually insufficient for U.S. cost of living, anywhere. That requires them to work much more than 40 hours/wk in order to pay rent & bare essentials with extreme frugality, and leaves them no money for child care. This results in unsupervised children, with the Head of Household (Dad) “abandoning” his leadership role, since he is generally working 60+ hrs/week, and Mom not much less than that. There are no grandparents or aunts/uncles who have made the trip with them.
The second major factor affecting these displaced families is the language problem. Although bilingual, the children born here of these undocumented migrants generally use English as their first language. The Spanish nuances, used by those native to the language to convey feelings and subtleties, vanish. The displaced parents do not have the facility with English (nor the time/leisure to study the language in depth) to communicate as effectively with their children as they would had they all stayed in Mexico, sharing a language. This is not a trivial matter, because the combination of language barriers and parental absence has a profound effect on the behavioral outcomes of children as they grow into adolescence. For example, Latina women in the States apparently have a much higher out-of-wedlock pregnancy rate than their counterparts in Mexico. (They also have an extremely high abortion rate in the States, second only to young black women.) And early pregnancy throws them further into poverty – an ironic result of the parents’ original intentions. Latino young men in the States, lacking male role models due to the relentless work schedules of their fathers, are very susceptible to gang involvement and even criminality, or associations with juvenile criminals.—associations which affect their goals and therefore their futures.
So the reality of “a better life,” falls far behind the ideal – for those who do not come with a basic education which they then might improve upon after arrival. (My brother-in-law had acquired, I believe, a Masters’ Degree before he immigrated; further, his marriage to my sister allowed him to be a legal resident. Eventually he earned his doctoral degree here as well, but was already successful before that.) And the more important point is that the conditions which are the natural consequence of illegal immigration are morally problematic for these migrants, apart from effects upon the broader community.
My sister favors a guest worker program, so that the household unit in Mexico, which is essential to the stability and moral health of the Mexican family, will remain intact. I favor a combination of two things:
~a NAFTA redux, IOW not based on the previous NAFTA which displaced rural families, but one which would allow Mexican famliies to stay put while earning a better living than they do now, from U.S. companies with branches in Mexico; that would also have to be overseen by either a U.S. or a U.N. joint team, so that the wages Mexicans earn would not be siphoned off in some corrupt manner by the usual thieves in the Mexican gov’t.
~a restructuring of legal immigration to include extended families, so that social/cultural continuity can be maintained.
I’m open to many other ideas as well, but it is simply not true that the current illegal “system” can be defined, let alone encouraged, as one which is morally optimal. A haphazard, accidental immigration (what we have now) is morally and practically irresponsible.