Hi, CaliLobo,
I was in the Land of Enchantment for 4 years - graduated from the College of Santa Fe - at the time a Christian Brother’s school. So, let me get down to your first two items and see if this is any help.
A lot of confusion can quickly develop if you are aking those who are confused themselves, are not practicing Catholics or are not even Catholics at all. The only way to get valid answers is to go to authorities in the field, read the histories on how things developed and stay current with on-going developents. This way you can maintain both knowledge and perspective.
You inquired about why the Church holds to a position that many do not hold. Get your Bible and go to Matthew 16 (or, if you wish, you can use this link:
veritasbible.com/drb/compare/haydock/Matthew_16 ) Read it and let me know when you come to the part that says, “And Christ nominated Peter to be the leader, and after a second was given, the matter passed unaminously!” Couldn’t find that part, eh?..

Have you noticed that Christ did not start out with a democracy - He is in charge - He is God - and His Spirit governs and directs the Catholic Church - not a group of ‘voters’.
This is really an important concept for it sets the stage for everything else. If the Spirit of all Truth is leading the Church as promised by Christ (notice He did not come back, revoke the authority of the pope and give it to Luther, or Calvin or Knox or Henry VIII or anyone else in revolt from His Church. Even though popes have given public scandal - they never changed any doctrine, taught heresy or cast any doubt on the official teaching of previous popes. Now, getting a bunch of saintly people to agree on goodness is probably not that big a deal - but, try getting a bunch of genuinely sinful men together and try the same thing! Right. Right from the beginning, Peter was a weak, vain and sinful man - but, the Power of God is all the more obvious when He can make a brick like Peter shine like a diamond!
So, let’s hit the next item:
“- The Vatican says we should vote against gay marriage and abortion rights. The Vatican says one cannot be pro-choice and Catholic. But I can always find another liberal parish that disagrees.”
Christ loved children. Check out Matthew 18:10
veritasbible.com/drb/compare/haydock/Matthew_18 And, you do recall that Christ rebuked the Apostles for stopping the women bringing their children to Him. Now, put that in the context of abortion - and see just how badly it does not fit.
Here you have two humans with a power that God did not give to the angels - to pro-Create - and a totally new human being - made in the image of God is now alive! And then, after money changes hands - this new life is boiled in salt water, torn limb from limb as its skull is crushed and then sucked out of what should have been his mother’s protective womb! The bloody parts gathered up and pitched into a dumpster. And, you are telling me that we have a right to snuff out this innocent life in the most horrible death imaginable because it is inconvenient. We do not execute harden criminals this way - it would be surely considered cruel and unusual!!
Do you think that pedophiles should parade downtown, have small children with them, throw condoms and candy from decorated floats and tell people over a loud-speaker that “All you need is love!”? How about those who engage in beastiality - same idea but they have a flock of sheep on the float. Oh, and those who claim that they way they have sex not only sets them apart - but, should be recognized as a genuine way of self-expression. After all, just like the other groups in this parade - how one has sex is none of society’s business! Right? If you want some really scarry stuff go to the CDC: those guys not only tell you that stuffing a penis into a rectum is dangerous - it shortens the average life expectancy by 20 years. Not only is this activity dangerous - it is deadly! And, you are advocating for this type of ‘intrinsically disordered’ behavior? Hey, don’t take my word for it - go right to the top: the official teaching of the Catholic Church:
vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm (#2357-9). I would suggest you read the entire section to get the context and flavor of what is being discussed - and not just those three entries.
Finally, from the earliest history of the Catholic Church, there were always those who preached their own ‘gospel’ and not the Gospel of Jesus Christ. St. Paul is constantly going after these false teachers. The heresies of the early Church were all started by clerics and Bishops - each teaching their own distorted ‘gospel’ and each developing their own heresies. So, there is an excellent chance that you can find anything you want to find… except the Gospel of Christ being taught by His Church founded on Peter.
Honest, if you think finding a ‘gospel’ that conforms to whatever it is you want - well… I can see why you are complaining of confusion. You see, left unchecked, humans are never satisfied with earthly pleasures - they want more and different types. Holding to the Truth takes the Grace of God and the discipline to freely abide in God’s Holy Will. No confusion there - but there is a lot of hard work - and work not meant for th faint of heart. But, you know that does present a problem with choice. We either chose to work with the Grace of God - and if we persevere to the end in that state of Grace - will be with God in Heaven forever … or … chose to ignore the Grace of God, freely chose to serve the devil and then serve him in the firely pit for all eternity. Your choice! And, in this high stakes adventure - you have one chance to get it right. Good luck!
God bless