Steave,
I’ve been chewing on this one for a while, and thinking of a better response to help you understand this issue.
A priest is not to judge the state of a person’s soul when that person comes forward at Communion-time to receive. Yes, priests do indeed have to do this (as best we can) in the Sacrament of Confession–but that’s a different matter.
A person’s state of sin-or-grace is a matter for the internal forum–it’s both personal and private. In some extreme circumstances (like the typical example of the pro-abortion politician) the bishop has to intervene and prevent someone from receiving until he repents–because the sin itself is so public. That’s a matter for the bishop to decide.
The priest however has to apply certain criteria in administering the Sacraments. There are 3 of these: properly disposed, at an appropriate time, and not impeded by canon law.
“At an appropriate time” means that people can’t just stop a priest anytime and demand a Sacrament. Someone who knocks on the rectory door at 3 AM and says “I can’t sleep, there’s nothing on TV, so I decided to come to confession,” is told “come back during the day at a reasonable hour.” The priest is not refusing the Sacrament, he’s saying that this isn’t an appropriate time.
“Properly disposed” can be very difficult to determine. The arch-typical example is the drunk who stumbles out of the bar, sees a priest and says “I want to confess…” Again, the priest doesn’t do it; not because he’s “refusing” but because the person is not in an appropriate state of mind to make a confession.
The above is simply to lay some groundwork for the discussion. The topic here is a person who arrives late for Mass. So let’s take a look at that.
First of all, we need to look at the Mass in its totality. The entire Mass forms a single whole (even though there are various rites or moments the Mass itself is a whole). The Mass is made up of both the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist–both of these form an integral whole. One without the other is not a Mass. This is true even though it’s possible to have a service of the Word or a service of the Eucharist, neither of these by itself is the Mass.
The Instruction
Inaestimabile Donum approved by HH John Paul II expresses this in better words than I could ever compose:
- “The two parts which in a sense go to make up the Mass, namely the Liturgy of the Word and the Eucharistic Liturgy, are so closely connected that they form but one single act of worship.” A person should not approach the table of the Bread of the Lord without having first been at the table of His Word. Sacred Scripture is therefore of the highest importance in the celebration of Mass…
papalencyclicals.net/JP02/JP2inaest.htm
Catholics (not impeded by law) have a right to receive Communion at Mass, and the way that they “exercise” this right is by actually being at Mass. So if a Catholic actually attends Mass, the priest cannot refuse Communion. But when a person arrives so late as to miss the entire first part of the Mass–the Liturgy of the Word, that person has not attended Mass. The priest hasn’t prevented the person from attending. He has not refused to allow the person to be there–the priest is merely taking notice of the fact that this has happened.
A Catholic approaches the priest and requests Communion by virtue of being there for the Mass–not merely by being in the Communion line.
A person who misses a substantial part of the Mass (the Lit. of the Word) is not properly disposed to receive Communion, and waiting until after that to arrive for Mass is not making the request at an appropriate time.
A priest in that situation is saying “yes, you can receive Communion when attending Mass, but you cannot receive Communion by only attending part of a Mass.”
A priest may use his judgment and make provision for people to receive Communion even if they don’t attend Mass at all. Communion outside of Mass is perfectly legitimate way of administering Communion (though it’s never a substitute for Mass). Since a priest can release someone from the obligation to be at the entire Mass, he can likewise release someone from being there for part of the Mass. But saying that he may do this, when the situation calls for it, is not the same as saying he must do it.