It is likely that some LDS belief about heaven was provided as part of the Restoration via Joseph Smith. However, as with many beliefs that are uniquely LDS there is evidence of this belief in the Bible and among the good ol’ ECFs.
1 Corinthians 15:40-42* There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory.
So also is the resurrection of the dead*.
Whether you call it layers of glory or kingdoms of glory, there are definitely three of them.
John Chrysostom wrote:
And having said this, he ascends again to the heaven, saying, “There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon.” For as in the earthly bodies there is a difference, so also in the heavenly; and that difference no ordinary one, but reaching even to the uttermost: there being not only a difference between sun and moon, and stars, but also between stars and stars. For what though they be all in the heaven? yet some have a larger, others a less share of glory. What do we learn from hence?
That although they be all in God’s kingdom, all shall not enjoy the same reward; and though all sinners be in hell, all shall not endure the same punishment. (
John Chrysostom, Homilies on 1 Corinthians 41:4, in NPNF Series 1, 12:251.)
Origen said:
Our understanding of the passage indeed is, that the Apostle,
wishing to describe the great difference among those who rise again in glory, i.e., of the saints, borrowed a comparison from the heavenly bodies, saying, "One is the glory of the sun, another the glory of the moon, another the glory of the stars. (
Origen, De Principiis 2:10:2, in ANF 4:294.)
Origin also alluded to LDS belief that the Father presides over the Celestial Kingdom, the Son over the Terrestrial kingdom, etc. He even refers to Outer Darkness!
And some men are connected with the Father, being part of Him, and next to these, those whom our argument now brings into clearer light,** those who have come to the Saviour** and take their stand entirely in Him. And third are those of whom we spoke before, who reckon the sun and the moon and the stars to be gods, and take their stand by them.
And in the fourth and last place those who submit to soulless and dead idols. (
Origen, Commentary on John 2:3, in ANF 10:324-325.)
Clement of Alexandria spoke of the three heavens and suggested that whoever attains the highest degree becomes like God:
Conformably, therefore, there are various abodes, according to the worth of those who have believed . . . .
These chosen abodes, which are three, are indicated by the numbers in the Gospel–the thirty, the sixty, the hundred.
And the perfect inheritance belongs to those who attain to “a perfect man,” according to the image of the Lord . . . . To the likeness of God, then, he that is introduced into adoption and the friendship of God, to the just inheritance of the lords and gods is brought; if he be perfected, according to the Gospel, as the Lord Himself taught. (
Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 6:14, in ANF 2:506.)
Clement also preached that the three gradations of glory are procured by virtue of three types of actions:
Code:
[Clement of Alexandria] reckons three kinds of actions, the first of which is . . . right or perfect action, which is characteristic of the perfect man and Gnostic alone, and raises him to the height of glory. The second is the class of . . . medium, or intermediate actions, which are done by less perfect believers, and procure a lower grade of glory. In the third place he reckons sinful actions, which are done by those who fall away from salvation. (*ANF 2:506*.)