I think an underlying problem that tends to make laws against abortion difficult (even mild laws with penalities like community service) is our Enlightenment-based concept of the “individual” and a “rights-based” code of ethics (v. a “duty-based” code of ethics). Autonomous, free, independent individuals came first (so thought Enlightenment philosophers – without considering these individuals came from mothers & others) then only gave up so much of their rights when forming society (which came 2nd) as to protect themselves and their interests. The idea of duties was a weak shadow of rights, only to serve rights of self and others.
Also, since rights are not in a vacuum but usually in a context of competing rights, it is the people in this rights-based system who are most able to press for their rights that get their rights respected, over those who are unable, or don’t have strong, powerful spokespersons for them. Self becomes salient; others less important, peripheral, or even non-existent in one’s mind.
An “individual” is sort of like “a man’s home is his castle,” not to be violated or controlled by others – inviolate…or to be respected and maintained as inviolate.
However, even in the few centuries after the Enlightenment, while these ideas were becoming more and more entrenched, only (white) men were considered “individuals,” and women were more like appendages – like an extra arm to serve the man, part of the “man’s castle” – and slaves were considered subhuman or nonhuman. In this context the rights of women were downplayed, and the prior ages during which a “duty-based” code of ethics mainly applied to them (and domestic animals, etc).
It took some centuries for Enlightenment ideas to become so entrenched that even women (and non-white men) started considering themselves (and got others to consider them) as individuals worthy of freedom and rights, as inviolate individuals – autonomous from society, only giving up some freedoms from control so as to protect their personal interests.
As the centuries since the 1700s have progressed, there has been more and more emphasis on individual and rights, and less & less on society and duties.
In some other traditional cultures (I’m thinking India, which I’ve studied) the idea was more on the “dividual” (a person is connected to and “composed” of outside substances from other people and object), and their person is not inviolate. In this context abortion could more easily be considered a wrong-doing, because a person was not a free, independent agent focused on self-fulfillment, but a part of (and enmeshed in) society, and the baby within the womb was also a part of society, and society was there to maintain itself, which meant by extension maintaing the person/parts and person/parts-within-person/parts (in some societies, when a baby is born it is considered to be one year old at birth). Society had every right to strongly intervene in a person’s conduct, esp that which pertained to his/her relationships with other persons. People had duties, with rights only as a secondary consideration and not something apart from duties.
Now I think early Christianity and Catholicism even today to some extent struck a good balance between these opposite types of society – respecting individual rights to an extent, but also equally focusing on duties and our enmeshment in society.
…I think I’m just convincing myself that the push against abortion may not be so much a going back to the more duty-based code of ethics, but a further carrying out of the Enlightenment project of rights (in this case considering the unborn as individuals with rights – rather than a a part of society to whom we owe duties, as in traditional societies).
The problem then is the clash between the woman’s right to abort something within her inviolate individual body v. the unborn person’s rights to life, etc. In order to protect the latter, then women’s rights will of necessity have to be much more greatly curtailed. That’s where the fight comes in, but if the Enlightenment project is indeed progressing to all areas (people are even now talking about intergenerational rights, rights of future generations to come, and animal rights, and nature’s rights, “wild law,” etc), then it seems that anti-abortion laws could come about, at least those that are the most sensitive and accommodating to the rights of women.
Perhaps we just need to keep pressing this logic of rights (applied to yet-to-be-born-individuals), but it will still be an uphill struggle, since women feel they have gotten their rights after hard-fought battles, and will not be in a mood to give up any rights at all. People always want more rights, not less. (We even consider corporations to be persons, with all the rights (I have a sign on my door that reads, "I’ll believe corporations are persons when Texas executes one).)
I personally prefer a balance between a rights & duties based society as envisioned in early Crhistianity and in Catholicism today (I’m old fashioned), and I think that would be the ideal & also give a better basis for anti-abortion laws. However, in today’s world today “rights” is king – our whole Enlightenment-based legal system in the U.S. is based on them – and “duties” are only dim shadows of some hated past era.