Abuse of the Sacrament of Penance goes WAY back. The reason for confessional boxes was to keep priest and penitent physically separate in a box in avery public place.
RobbyS is right.
I’ve come across articles from 2003 by Thomas P. Doyle, OP, an Army chaplain, doctor of canon law, and licensed counselor, on abuse. He’s an expert witness in some lawsuits over abuse. I think his description of the history of abuse and clerical response is extremely useful.
Here’s one quote of his:
The modern Church has known about the risks of priest sexual abuse of children for over 1,500 years. This problem has just been an incredibly well-guarded secret of the Roman Catholic church for that long.
Here’s an article by Fr. Doyle in the journal Pastoral Psychology titled “
Roman Catholic Clericalism, Religious Duress, and Clergy Sexual Abuse.” (I don’t think this is publicly accessible, my library had access).
One affidavit is
online.
Children and adolescents have been being abused by priests since pretty close to the beginning of the Church. Fr. Doyle notes that evidence for the sexual abuse of children by priests goes back to at least the 4th century. Canons and less formal punishments were in place to deal harshly with the abusers throughout the history of the church. The act of abusing a minor under 16 years of age was included as a specific canonical crime in the first codification of canon law in 1917. In the last few decades, maybe since Vatican II, maybe earlier, it seems – until quite recently (the last decade or so) – there’s a circle-the-wagons approach to dealing with this form of abuse.
Tragically, referring to child victims’ unwillingness to come forward in the 1950s, Fr. Doyle’s affidavit states:
*I believe that it is also realistic to expect that their parents would not have readily believed them and that the wider Catholic community would be prone to supporting the perpetrator and not the victims. *
Fr. Doyle argues that the roots of this response are in “religious duress,” which is a state of psychological and emotional distress brought on by systematic indoctrination related to the priest standing in for Christ.
It has been my experience that nearly every victim of sexual abuse whom I have met and counseled with has stated that he or she had a great fear of priests and thought they took the place of God.
More recently,
It has only been in the past few years with the widespread media exposure and multiple civil law suits that Catholic church authorities have begun to take minimal appropriate action towards perpetrators by sending them for assessment and treatment. In spite of some small steps taken in the direction of healing for victims, the church generally treats the victims as if they were an enemy force.
…
This civil law intervention has been a major factor in forcing the institutional Catholic church through its dioceses and bishops, to acknowledge the problem of sexual abuse by dysfunctional clergy and to take minimal responsible action. The civil law intervention has helped to break the heavy pall of silence and secrecy that has enshrouded these cases for decades. This secrecy has been aided and enabled by the Church’s claims to be exempt from any accountability to the civil law because of the doctrine of separation of church and State.
Historically, there have been harsh punishments and public defrocking of priests who abused children. Fr. Doyle cites
The Decree of Gratian, published in 1140, a mammoth tome of legislative texts from a variety of sources dating back to the first century. In it, there are several references to legislation on the sexual abuse of minors in general, by clerics in particular. Gratian apparently argued that priests abusing young adolescents should suffer the same penalty as lay men, the death penalty. Gratian advocated excommunication of priests who abused children (in 1140, that meant total shunning from all society).
Fr. Doyle describes the Council of Trent as addressing rampant clerical corruption, including priests living “depraved and scandalous” lives. He asserts that the sexual abuse of minors by the clergy was the primary sexual crime that the council addressed. Apparently the background to the 1917 and 1984 versions of canon law includes significant concern over sexual abuse of minors.
Fr. Doyle quotes a papal decree by Pope Pius V from 1568, five years after the Council of Trent that declared:
Priests who abuse are deprived of all offices, benefices, privileges, degraded and turned over to secular courts for additional punishments.
I think it’s clear that the sexual abuse of minors has been a matter of grave concern to the Church for almost its entire history.
Sometime during the 20th century, this harsh punishment of priests who were sexual predators started falling by the wayside. Privacy and preservation of the reputation of the clergy and the Hierarchy became paramount. Rather than doing whatever necessary to avoid abuse and comfort the victims, the clergy and we started putting “church as institution” above anything else. But the People of God are the Church, and the institution serves the Church.
It’s odd to me… Vatican II took place right during a time when so many of the abuse cases we’re hearing about now also occurred. Was abuse a point of concern leading up to Vatican II, as it was for the Council of Trend in the 16th century?