As for the cogency of the argument from
tradition, this historical fact is of decided significance, namely, that the
dogma of the Real Presence remained, properly speaking, unmolested down to the time of the
heretic Berengarius of Tours (d. 1088), and so could claim even at that time the uninterrupted possession of ten centuries. In the course of the
dogma’s history there arose in general three great
Eucharistic controversies, the first of which, begun by
Paschasius Radbertus, in the ninth century, scarcely extended beyond the limits of his audience and concerned itself solely with the
philosophical question, whether the
Eucharistic Body of Christ is identical with the natural Body He had in Palestine and now has in
heaven. Such a numerical identity could well have been denied by
Ratramnus,
Rabanus Maurus,
Ratherius,
Lanfranc, and others, since even nowadays a
true, though
accidental, distinction between the sacramental and the natural condition of
Christ’s Body must be rigorously maintained. The first occasion for an official procedure on the part of the
Church was offered when
Berengarius of Tours, influenced by the writings of
Scotus Eriugena (d. about 884), the first opponent of the Real Presence, rejected both the latter
truth and that of
Transubstantiation. He repaired, however, the
public scandal he had given by a sincere retractation made in the presence of
Pope Gregory VII at a
synod held in
Rome in 1079, and died reconciled to the
Church. The third and the sharpest controversy was that opened by the
Reformation in the sixteenth century, in regard to which it must be remarked that
Luther was the only one among the
Reformers who still clung to the old
Catholic doctrine, and, though subjecting it to manifold misrepresentations, defended it most tenaciously.