I’m interested to know what this means for Christians. For example, if Christians in Malaysia say, “Allah” referring to the God of Christianity (I feel weird saying that) will they be arrested?
The short answer is no. For now.
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The case itself*
The case was brought about by the Catholic Church in response to a letter from the Home Minister (equivalent of the US Dept of Interior) to desist from using the word Allah in our weekly periodical Catholic Herald. This is a local periodical and is published in four languages (in a single edition), English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. (how much more Catholic can you get than that!! I am proud that the Malaysian Church is so catholic)
As such the ruling only applies to the Catholic Herald, Christian leaders are clear that we will continue to use Allah when worshiping in the Malay language (60% of Malaysian Christians use Malay in the worship), in Malay-language Bibles (which are all imported because of sensitivities in printing them locally) and any other periodicals not subject to this ruling.
Malay Bibles
The basis for this ruling can be very easily applied to Malay-language Bibles, which has not been tested in courts. This could well be the thin end of the wedge. At present, Christian churches are in running battles with the government over importation of Malay-language Bibles. We have had Bibles impounded, or had serial numbers stamped on them as if they were controlled publications. An solution proposed by the Prime Minister in 2011, just prior to elections in a Christian-majority state, allowed us to import such Bibles.
While the use of Allah in these Bibles were not explicitly stated, the implicit agreement to the word in these Bibles are clear as that was the reason they were impounded in the first place. The solution requires Malay-language Bibles to carry a cross and the words “For Christians only” and we have no problems with that.
That solution, while contained in a letter from the Prime Minister, was never formally signed or enacted as law. We hear talk that the sultans, who are the heads of religion in their respective states, objected to the solution.
Legal prohibitions
As religion is a state matter in Malaysia and nine of the states have their own ethnic-Malay Muslim hereditary rulers (the rotating monarch for the whole country, chosen from these hereditary rulers, is the head of Islam in states without a sultan), some states have enacted prohibitions against non-Muslims use of a list of terms reserved only for Muslim. These lists are all headed with the term Allah and in some cases, even included Arabic words for missionary and angels.
These prohibitions were either issued as fatwa (edicts) or included into Syaria law of the states. However, the constitution is clear that Syaria law only applies to Muslims and we therefore ignore these prohibitions even though they were directed at us. For now.
It is part of the Federal laws of Malaysia that we cannot evangelise a Muslim, which local Malaysians have obseved. Some American evangelicals have been arrested under this law in the past. The law was to protect the priviledged postiion of ethnic-Malay Muslims under the constitution, which define a Malay as, inter alia, a Muslim. (this means an ethnic Malay who convert out of Islam has no race!)
The political background
Malaysia comprises two parts: (i) the more populous West Malaysia, where most of the ethnic Malay Muslims (50% of population) reside, and (ii) the two states of East Malaysia on the island of Borneo, where most of the Christians who use the Malay-language reside. There are no religious issues in East Malaysia, where mixed marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims are common.
Ethnic Malay Muslims in West Malaysia have insecurities due to perceived economic domination by the Chinese and have used their political dominance to retain their primacy from before independance. There is therefore a genuine fear among some ethnic Malay Muslims that conversion by Christians would erode this political domination. Which is why only Christians face the Allah issue and not Sikhs, who also use Allah in their scripture. So far, despite requests for evidence, no firm evidence of attempts or conspiracy to convert Muslims have emerged.
Unfortunately for the ruling party, they are reliant on parliamentary seats in East Malaysia to stay in power and a majority of the indigeneous people of East Malaysia are Christians, who use the Malay language in their worship (they include the formerly head-hunting Dayaks). As such, we do not expect much action by the government on this issue once the elections of the ruling party is over next week, at least until state elections in East Malaysia due before 2016. Still, it does not augur well for the future that a minority of Muslims have poisoned for political gain, relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims at a personal level.