At the end of repolarization, when the membrane potential is very negative (about -60 mV), ion channels open that conduct slow, inward (depolarizing) Na+ currents. These currents are called “funny” currents and abbreviated as “If”. These depolarizing currents cause the membrane potential to begin to spontaneously depolarize, thereby initiating Phase 4. As the membrane potential reaches about -50 mV, another type of channel opens. This channel is called transient or T-type Ca++ channel. As Ca++ enters the cell through these channels down its electrochemical gradient, the inward directed Ca++ currents further depolarize the cell. As the membrane continues to depolarize to about -40 mV, a second Ca++ channel opens. These are the so-called long-lasting, or L-type Ca++ channels. Opening of these channels causes more Ca++ to enter the cell and to further depolarize the cell until an action potential threshold is reached (usually between -40 and -30 mV). During Phase 4 there is also a slow decline in the outward movement of K+ as the K+ channels responsible for Phase 3 continue to close. This fall in K+ conductance (gK+) contributes to the depolarizing pacemaker potential.
Phase 0 depolarization is primarily caused by increased Ca++ conductance (gCa++) through the L-type Ca++ channels that began to open toward the end of Phase 4. The “funny” currents, and Ca++ currents through the T-type Ca++ channels, decline during this phase as their respective channels close. Because the movement of Ca++ through these channels into the cell is not rapid, the rate of depolarization (slope of Phase 0) is much slower than found in other cardiac cells (e.g., Purkinje cells).
Repolarization occurs (Phase 3) as K+ channels open (increased gK+) thereby increasing the outward directed, hyperpolarizing K+ currents. At the same time, the L-type Ca++ channels become inactivated and close, which decreases gCa++ and the inward depolarizing Ca++ currents.
During depolarization, the membrane potential (Em) moves toward the equilibrium potential for Ca++, which is about +134 mV. During repolarization, g’Ca++ (relative Ca++ conductance) decreases and g’K+ (relative K+ conductance) increases, which brings Em closer toward the equilibrium potential for K+, which is about -96 mV). Therefore, the action potential in SA nodal cells is primarily dependent upon changes in Ca++ and K+ conductances as summarized below: