“Brute” and “non-brute” is an imaginary distinction. Humans and animals sprout as branches on the same evolutionary bush.
The distinction is well-found. Almost every philosopher in the history of western civilization has considered man to be a
rational animal. Where philosophers differ is how they account for rationality, and what is its nature. In modern times, since the advance of various sciences, the question of man’s nature, that age-old question, has become a mixed question, that is, the question involves now for its answer both scientific and philosophic data.
The radical distinction between brute animal and rational animal is involved in fundamental questions such as “What is man?”, “How shall man’s nature be defined?” “What is the essence of humanity?” Existentialists emphasize another direction by asking “Who is man?”
I have never run across anyone who has considered the distinction imaginary. Certainly Darwin, as his early
Notebooks reveal, considered it a distinction of great concern. To say that “humans and animals sprout as branches on the same evolutionary bush” does not erase the distinction or settle the issues involved. As Julian Huxley says, “man…is in many respects unique among animals.”
The questions involving this uniqueness of which Huxley speaks are concerned with the nature of the difference between man and brute animals. Specifically, does the mind of man differ from the mind anthropoid apes and higher animals in degree only, or is it a difference in kind, one that is superficial or is it radical.
The Desecent is Darwin’s attempt to give his answer to questions involved in the distinction between brute and non-brute animals.
Again, I do not know anyone who maintains that this most hotly debated of topics throughout the centuries, from the time of ancient Greece to the present, is based on a distinction that is imaginary.