There are lots of things a Protestant wouldn’t likely know about the Catholic Church. There are lots of differences between Catholicism and the various protestant denominations, and some of the variances are greater than others.
I am not a theologian, and have no pretense to be one. Someone will surely dispute what I am going to say next.
In my mind, there is one primary difference between Protestantism and Catholicism, and that is that Catholics take two things in the Bible literally while Protestants take them figuratively.
Those two things are:
- Jesus’ charging His apostles with authority to bind and loose. Catholics take that literally. Protestants take it figuratively. That difference is a very big deal, because Catholicism holds that the Church, the successors of the apostles, have real authority to teach in matters of faith and morals, and that those teachings are binding. Protestants, by and large, hold that only the written Bible constitutes any authority and that individuals may interpret it themselves, one being just as “right” as another. That’s why the Catholic Church refers to itself as “Catholic” (universal). Its teachings apply to all and are authoritative as to all.
- Jesus’ saying the Eucharist is His body and His blood. Catholics take that literally. Protestants take it figuratively.
But it’s hard to really characterize Protestantism. When one says “I’m Catholic”, the hearer (if he knows what the Church teaches and unless the speaker is a dissident) knows exactly what the speaker believes; whether the speaker is old, young, American, African or whatever. If one says “I’m Protestant”, it means “I hold some things in common with the 2000 year old teachings of the Catholic Church, but not all. I protest against some of them. To know more about what I believe or don’t believe, you must inquire.”
I second the recommendations of some posters to read the Catechism of the Catholic Church. I have sometimes recommended that to Protestants, loaning it to them and asking them to then tell me what they disagree with. There is actually very little with which most Protestants disagree. And yet, most protestant groups have very little in the way of “established doctrine”. They believe many more things than their churches actually teach, and most of those things are consistent with Catholic teaching. That’s even true of many Protestant ministers.
Why is that?
It’s my belief that many Protestants absorb a lot of Catholic thought from their backgrounding in western civilization which, itself, is largely based on millenia of Catholic teaching. Protestants believe many different things, but the Catholic Church is actually their “pole star”, like a pole star at sea. Sailors might not head directly to the pole star, but they still steer by it.
That analogy is not original with me. My son wrote it for a college composition in which he demonstrated many things most Protestants believe but which they don’t actually have in their doctrinal statements, but get from the “Catholic background of the culture”. His professor was also a Baptist minister. The professor gave him an “A+” and told my son privately that it gave him a lot to think about.
Sometimes Protestant ministers want to delve deep into the early writings of the early Christians. When they do, they are reading Catholic sources, not Baptist, Lutheran, Anglican or Jehovah’s Witness sources. If they find particular expressions compelling, they are in effect adopting teachings of the Catholic Church.
None of the above is intended to be insulting to Protestantism. Many of its adherents are people of deep faith and good will. But the truth is the truth, and one might as well tell it.