One point I want to clarify: The German occupation of Rome lasted from September 8, 1943-June 4, 1944.
Professor Rychalk confirms that the soldiers in the picture are from the Weimar Republic, before the Nazi’s took over. And that the picture was taken in 1927, as admitted in a later edition of Cornwell’s book. I apologize that I had previously confused which edition of Cornwell’s book was published in America with the one in Britain. See
home.olemiss.edu/~rrychlak/morphing/outsideframe.htm
I just finished watching the Movie, Pope Pius XII, Under the Roman Sky by James Cromwell, 2010 AD on EWTN. The movie was great. It was very entertaining. It was told from the perspective of a young Jewish couple who fell in love. It closely followed historical fact. One scene was based on the Ardeatine Massacre where Hitler order 10 Italians to die for every SS Nazi soldier that was killed on March 23. Hitler was brutal and ruthless.
Quote from the
wikipedia.org on the Ardeatine_massacre
“On 23 March 1944, a column of the German 11th Company, 3rd Battalion, S.S. Police Regiment ‘Bozen’, was attacked by an ambush of Partisans while marching and singing on a prescribed route that led through the Piazza di Spagna into the narrow street of Via Rasella. …
The attack was carried out by 16 Partisans of the Communist-dominated Gruppo d’Azione Patriottica (“Patriotic Action Group”) …
The blast caused the immediate deaths of 28 S.S. policemen and at least two civilian bystanders, one of whom, Piero Zuccheretti, was an eleven-year old boy. More would die over the next few days. All sixteen Partisans — some of whom fired on the German soldiers — succeeded in melting away into the crowd unscathed…
By mistake, a total of 335 Italian prisoners were taken, five in excess of the 330 called for. On March 24, led by SS officers Erich Priebke and Karl Hass, they were transported to the Ardeatine caves in truckloads and then, in groups of five, put to death inside the caves. …
That night, Adolf Hitler authorized the reprisal, stipulating that it be carried out within 24 hours…. Because of the time limit that Hitler had imposed, Mälzer and Kappler agreed that the victims would have to be shot in the back of the head at close range rather than by conventional firing squad.[9]
The massacre took most of the day and soon degenerated into a drunken shambles. Some of the victims’ heads were blown off by the shots; others were only wounded and may have survived until the explosions intended to seal the caves after the massacre was completed: one youth and his father were found in each other’s arms in a corner of the cave galleries which had been not filled with the debris under which most victims had been buried. Some crawled into corners to die. …
The concept of “ten Italians for one German” is also frequently cited in making this argument, implying that the Partisans could or should have realized beforehand that their attack would cost 330 innocent Italians their lives. In fact, in the hours following the bombing, there were arguments among the Nazi leadership in Rome as well as between Hitler and his commanders as to whether 10, 30, or 50 Italians should be killed for every dead German, not to mention whether all or part of the city of Rome should also be burned.”
End Quote
Have other seen the movie?
What did you think?
What does the fact above speak about Pope Pius XII’s options ?
John