They were certainly speaking about the religious life. There are two important points to remember. Up until the time of St. Bernard, consecrated celibacy was only mandatory for religious, which were brothers or nuns. There were very few priests in the religious life. This happened slightly later with the arrival of the Carmelites from Palestine in the 1200s and the founding of the Dominicans also in the 1200s. At that time, the idea of a consecrated celibate priest was not common. Many priests were celibate, by choice, not by design. It does not become a canon until the second milenium.
I bring this up because itās important to understand where the great founders get their doctrine. They are inherting a doctrine that had been passed down by two traditions, the Desert Fathers and the Carmelites. Both traditions came from one source, Paul.
Paul is very explicit when he says that those who cannot live the celibate life should marry. But he encourages the celibate life as the preferred state of Christian life. He encourages widows to remain single, virgins to remain virgins.
In addition the early Fathers had met the Apostle John. Polycarp, I believe was the one who stated that John had insisted on remaining celibate because Jesus, Mary and Joseph were celibate. Benedict brings John the Baptist into the picture and the monks of Qumran, who were celibate for the sake of the Kingdom. There was a long Biblical and Patristic tradition of celibacy and an equally long belief that this was taught by Christ and of Godās design as a state in life not for everyone, but for a select few.
This point is very important. Benedict probably explains it better than anyone that Iāve ever seen, maybe Augustine too. But the point was that the idea of a select few leads to the conclusion that it is a gift, not something that man can do on his own. Therein lies its superiority compared to marriage. Marriage is natural to mankind. God built it into humanity at creation. Celibacy is outside of the natural order. God gives the supernatural. Therein lies the root of the comparison.
This is the doctrine that had been handed down for 1500 or so years, until Trent is forced to make a definitive statement that popes and other councils have upheld. As I said, Trent had to make a definitive statement, because religious were under attack by heretics. One of the arguments that heretics were using to discredit celibacy was sexual abuse by some members of the secular clergy and by religious men. That story sounds familiar, doesnāt it?
From that point forward the fate of secular priests in the Roman Church is sealed. No more married men were ordained and the permanent diaconate was suspended. To this day the popes, in union with the Eastern patriarchs have been trying to encourage celibacy in the Eastern Catholic Churches. Interestingly enough the number of secular celibate priests among them has increased over the centuries, but more after Vatican II. The argument is that these priests also have a desire for this āhigherā form of life, compared to their married counterparts.
Itās not much, because Iām not a Church historian. I had three semesters of Church history and then moved on to other courses. But Iām giving you what I got in bits and pieces on this subject. I say bits and pieces, because it comes up in different circumstances and in different areas of study: Patristics, Scripture, Mysticism, Church History, and Eschatology.
Fraternally,
Br. JR, OSF