Br. JR –
Sorry to go off on a tangent for a moment, but others may have the same question. A few posts back you mentioned something about brothers hearing confessions. You also said that a couple brothers are priests.
Could you clarify your use of “brother”? Does it mean any fellow Franciscan, whether ordained or not? Because there is also a canonical use of “brother” such as the Christian Brothers, where they take vows, but it is not the sacrament of Holy Orders.
thanks!
A very good question. In the Franciscan Order you enter to become a friar. You do not enter any of the Franciscan orders to become a priest. You can be a priest without being a Franciscan. Therefore, the formation of Franciscans, our life and our rule targets the consecrated life, not Holy Orders.
When we admit a man who is priest, he becomes a brother. But he does not cease to be a priest. Or when the superior allows a brother to be ordained a priest, he is still a brother, because he is still a consecrated religoius, just like a Christian Brother is. He is called a friar-priest or a brother-priest, meaning that he is an ordained religious. There is no difference between our ordained brothes, our non-clerical brothers and a Christian Brother. They are all equally consecrated men. The difference is in their ministry, not in their way of lfie. They live the vowed life. But among mendicants and monastics, even the ordained do not always exercise the ministry of Holy Orders. Many have other functions. It all depends on the superior.
Somewhere in history, people began to call our ordained brothers, Father. This was a title that was used for priests in other orders, not our own. The only man whom we call Father is St. Francis and his successors. Francis was not a priest, neither are many of our superiors. But they are properly Father.
As I said, somewhere people began to call our ordained friars, Father. The General Chapter ordered that all friars revert to the title Brother or the Latin, Friar and that all semblance of clericalism be eliminated from the order, because Franciscan Friars were founded as a lay order, not a clerical order. A lay order is one where the government of the order is shared by all the members. It does not require ordination. A clerical order is one where only the ordianed can govern. The term lay is not used to mean laity. It is used to mean non-clerical or non-ordained.
It has been very difficult to stop the laity from calling our friars Father, at least in the USA. The laity gets confused. However, when we refer to each other, we always say, Brother or the brothers or friars. In the newer communities, this is easier, because when you go in and people don’t know you, you can just start off as Brother or Friar.
In the parish where we are, we came in new. No one knew us. So everyone calls all of the friars, Brother, except the superior of the house. The laity calls him Father, even though he is not a priest. We have only two priests. One is the parrochial vicar and the other is the groundskeeper. They are called Brother. In Canada, our brothers use Friar. In Italy they use Frater and in Spanish speaking countries they use Fray. I think we got it from the English, the business of calling our friars Father.
You will also find it interesting to note that in writing, we Franciscans rarely refer to the Pope as Holy Father. That title is reserved for St. Francis. The pope is Lord Pope or our Lord the Pope. When the order was founded, St. Francis wrote that into our rule, the Lord Pope. In April, we had a general chapter at which the Pope spoke and it was wonderful to hear him refer to Francis as Holy Father and to himself as Lord Pope. He said, "You have come to see your Lord Pope. . . " when he addressed the chapter delegates.
Remember, when you hear a Franciscan use Brother or Friar, it can be any invesed member of the order. Even novices are called Friar or Brother. We have had novices who are priests. Sometimes you get a secular priest who is called to religious life. He must be an aspirant, postulant, novice, and a student friar, before he becomes a solemly professed friar, just like every other brother. Many secular priests do not join religious orders, because they find it humbling to go back to the level of being a subordiante or as one priest told me, “I don’t think I could take being told not to say mass, but to go work a soup kitchen or to wash dishes.” I reminded him that when Bonaventure was a Cardinal his superior assigned him to the kitchen. He was the dishwasher for the fraternity. But it didn’t persuade him to join us. Wonder why not
Fraternally,
Br. JR, OSF