## Elizabeth I executed for treason many who were indeed traitors - unfortunately she was not able to execute Father Robert Persons S.J., though he undoubtedly deserved it, unlike St.Edmund Campion.
The Babington Plot (1586), the Ridolfi Plot (1571), the Rising in the North (1569), were all treasons by any reasonable interpretation of the law, and were punished as such. Any ruler would have done the same, in any country, before and after. Popes have no business to seek to destabilise rulers they do not like - both Pius V and Gregory XIII did exactly this. Gregory XIII, according to Father Hughes, seriously contemplated assassination. As Pius V wanted Charles IX of France to exterminate heretics, it would not surprise me if he too favoured having her killed.
England was constantly threatened by traitors, Protestant & Catholic, from within; could not count on being safe on her Northern border, because of the Scottish alliance with France; & Ireland was a back door to England, and a convenient point for Papal expeditions, as the Papacy claimed that Ireland was a papal fief. Across the Channel there was France; Spain to the South; and the Holy Roman Empire on the east. The queen would not have lasted long, if she had not been resolute and vigorous in punishing treason: especially after 1570, when Pius V made every Catholic in England a potential traitor.
The charge of treason was by no means generic - as a reading of Father Philip Hughes should show. ##