Concerning the faith vs. works discussion.
Clearly authentic faith is a profound, whole-hearted acceptance of God’s saving gift to us, and involves the desire and willingness to cooperate with this grace in our choices and actions.
Church teaching makes it clear that resisting temptation and making virtuous choices is a combination of God’s grace and our own cooperation with that grace. To think that we can avoid sin and live virtuous lives on our own efforts alone has been identified as a heresy (Pelagianism).
To quote briefly the CCC: “Human merit before God in the Christian life arises from the fact that God has freely chosen to associate man with the work of his grace. The fatherly action of God is first on his own initiative, and then follows man’s free acting through his collaboration, so that the merit of good works is to be attributed in the first place to the grace of God, then to the faithful. Human merit, moreover, is itself due to God, for good actions proceed in Christ, from the predispositions and assistance given by the Holy Spirit.” (2008) “The merits of our good works are gifts of the divine goodness. ‘Grace has gone before us; now we are given what is due…Our merits are God’s gifts.’” (2009)
My concern is not with the “grace” side of the equation, but with the cooperation side. We believe that God is always present with his gracious help to avoid sin and choose what is right and good. It is not God’s will that we sin, but just the opposite. Sin, by its very definition, is a rejection of goodness and God’s gracious will for us, whether in serious or mild degrees. So when we sin, it is our cooperation that is missing. We are freely rejecting God’s help. That rejection is my part. It is my responsibility, not God’s. God has done His part in extending his grace to me. I have not done my part in cooperating with that grace. In other words, God has offered me His helping hand, but I have not grasped His hand in return.
But that is where my first question lies: why is it that on one occasion I have the strength, ability and will to cooperate with God, and on another occasion, contrary to my deepest wishes, desires and promises, I do not have the strength, ability and will to cooperate, but instead give in one more time to temptation? Is my cooperation a matter of my own free choice, or not? If my cooperation with God’s grace is completely a free choice on my part, then it seems that we are back to the heresy of Pelagianism: the key link in avoiding sin and being virtuous is really and solely up to me. But if my cooperation is not completely my responsibility and choice, and God’s grace is the saving factor, then where does responsibility for succumbing to temptation really rest? Is my sinful action really my fault? Does God’s saving action ultimately conquer all sin? And if the answer is that both virtue and sin are a mysterious combination of both grace and human response, then are we really answering the question?
I believe this is a key question that is at the heart of living out our Christian faith. God’s grace is essential. We cannot save ourselves by our own effort. But if this grace is needed even to cooperate with God, then where does the responsibility for sin really lie?