They knew what was inspired based on which authors claimed inspiration.
If this were the case, then most of the NT would not qualify. Some of the authors were not even identified.
Good point. There are denominations, however, that disagree with this notion and believe that doctrinal differences between protestants are the result of certain left-over doctrines from Catholicism, and that Catholicism is ultimately the problem (they like to go there a lot

).
Yes, they do.
If there is one thing that all Protestant denominations agree upon, it is that the CC is wrong. That is the one element they ALL have in common! All of them have defined themselves by which parts, and how much of Catholic doctrine they reject.
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Because Jesus' miracles were done by Jesus, not a Catholic priest, and they had visible evidence of their occurrence.
I can assure you that no human being transforms the Bread and Wine into the Body and Blood. Although the priest presides over the Sacrament, it is the HS who does the miracle.
Reading John 6 on my own convinced me fairly strongly that it is a symbol:
It is a symbol, but also becomes that which it symbolizes.
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Certainly, Jesus is not literally made of bread.
Hmmm. He said “I am the bread of life”. He was born in Bethlehem, the city of Bread. He was laid in a manger, the grain trough. He is the manna that came down from heaven.
It is metaphor, it is symbol, and it is Real, all at the same time.
So, eating the “bread of life” is a symbol of believing in Jesus. The Catholic view seems to be a proof-text of John 6:54-55, without reading it in context.
Catholics don’t use “proof texting”. Our faith comes from the Apostles, and we believe what they taught. What they believed is reflected in the Scripture, and we understand what is written in the light of the One Faith handed down to us.
You are right, that eating and drinking the Body and Blood is a symbol of believing in Jesus, but something that is only a symbol cannot bring illness or condemnation upon those who do not receive in a worthy manner. You can’t desecrate that which does not exist.
When the disciples tell Jesus that it is a hard saying, Jesus does not tell them that it is not just a “saying”. Instead he says:
Actually, that is EXACTLY what He does!
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Some Catholic apologists have argued that since Jesus did not call the disciples who turned away back to Him to explain that it was just symbolic, Jesus must have been speaking literally:
The fact that it was literal also does not take away from the fact that it is metaphorical. Symbols can contain that to which they point.
What they miss is that this follows something completely different that Jesus said:
I can assure you that these Catholic apologists have not “missed” anything. Neither did the disciples of the Apostles, such as Irenaeus.
The disciples that walked no more with Him did so when they learned that Jesus knew already who was going to believe in Him and who was not going to believe. They didn’t reject a literal view of Jesus’ earlier words, they rejected Jesus’ teaching of predestination.
Hogwash.