John 2:18-21
18 Then the Jews demanded of him, “What miraculous sign can you show us to prove your authority to do all this?”
19 Jesus answered them, “Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days.”
20 The Jews replied, “It has taken forty-six years to build this temple, and you are going to raise it in three days?”
21 But the temple he had spoken of was his body.
I include the above Scripture passage to illustrate an interesting point: Jesus said “Destroy THIS temple”. The Jews thought He was refering to the Jewish temple, but instead, Jesus was using a play on words. Now, compare these two verses:
John 2:19
Jesus answered them, “Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days.”
Matthew 16:18
And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.
Compare the phrases “this temple” and “this rock”. We know that the first phrase was a play on words…Jesus used the opportunity to compare Himself to the Jewish temple, but the Scripture clearly teaches that “the temple he had spoken of was his body.” (verse 21). Now the question is this: If the Bible did not include verse 21, would you understand “this temple” to mean Jesus’ body, and not the Jewish temple? Of course you would! And this example of play on words uses the same general structure as Matthew 16:18. Allow me to break it down:
Object of comparison: Peter. Phrase used: “this rock”.
Object of comparison: Temple. Phrase used: “this temple”.
Now, we know in the John passage that Jesus did not mean the Jewish temple when He said “this temple”, so why should we insist that He means Peter when He says “this rock”? The answer is that we should not understand the Matthew passage to be any less a play on words than the John passage. Allow us to delve deeper, shall we?
Matthew 16:16-19
16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.”
17 Jesus replied, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven.
18 And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.
19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”
The Catholic church insists that the “rock” that Jesus refers to is Simon Peter, who they say was the first pope. They claim that when Christ gave Peter the “keys to the kingdom”, He was giving him authority and leadership over the Church. My position is that the Catholic interpretation of this verse is a wrong interpretation.
Though not considered by many to be a valid arguement, due to the fact that Christ spoke in Aramaic, the examination of the Greek reveals this:
The “rock” which Christ refers to is what Peter said, namely, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” This truth is the basis of all Christianity. Furthermore, Christ calls Peter by name because the name Peter, in Greek (petros), means “a small rock cleaved from a larger rock”. The word for “rock” in Greek is “petra”. Peter is a smaller rock that comes from the larger rock, which is Christ. Critics argue that the Greek has two words for rock (Petra and Petros), but that the Aramaic has only one word for rock, and hence, this interpretation is not valid. So, the Greek reveals this word play but the word play is not based on the Greek. But having only one word only strengthens the effect of the word play. But regardless of the language used, there are other reasons for believing that this interpretation (that Christ is the Rock, and that Peter, and likewise all Christians holding the faith of Peter, are “smaller” rocks cleaved from the lager Rock, which is Christ).
First, notice the fact that Christ say, “YOU are Peter, and on THIS rock I will build my church.” This denotes a “shift” of some sort. As I have shown by citing John, Christ has indeed used a play on words using the word “this”, so to automatically rule out the notion that Christ is using a play on words in the Matthew passage would be to ingore the fact that it is used elsewhere by Christ Himself!
Does the Bible say anything more about “the rock”? Yes it does. Fortunately, we have the inspired writings of Peter himself from which to draw. Does Peter shed any light on the subject of the “rock”? Yes he does, and plenty of it:
1 Peter 2:4-8
4 As you come to him, the living Stone–rejected by men but chosen by God and precious to him–
5 you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.
6 For in Scripture it says:
“See, I lay a stone in Zion,
a chosen and precious cornerstone,
and the one who trusts in him
will never be put to shame.”
7 Now to you who believe, this stone is precious. But to those who do not believe,
"The stone the builders rejected
has become the capstone, "
8 and,
“A stone that causes men to stumble
and a rock that makes them fall.”
It is clear that Peter himself regards Christ to be the “rock”, and himself to be a stone among other stones. Stones are merely any Christian…just like the early Church fathers say!
1 Peter 5:1-4
1 To the elders among you, I appeal as a fellow elder, a witness of Christ’s sufferings and one who also will share in the glory to be revealed:
2 Be shepherds of God’s flock that is under your care, serving as overseers–not because you must, but because you are willing, as God wants you to be; not greedy for money, but eager to serve;
3 not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock.
4 And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away.
To quote John DeVito, “Seems that Peter didn’t make such a distinction, and in fact admonished church leaders not to claim the lordship over the church [verse 3], and to be an example with their personal lives.”
The Apostle Paul comments further on this topic, leaving no room for the notion that Peter is the rock:
1 Corinthians 10:3-4
3 …They all ate the same spiritual food
4 and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ.
Ephesians 2:19-20
19 Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and aliens, but fellow citizens with God’s people and members of God’s household,
20 built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone.
1 Corinthians 3:11
No one can lay any foundation other than the one already laid, which is Jesus Christ.
Ephesians 5:23
For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior.
Christ is the head, the foundation, and the Rock. One must completely alter, ignore, or misinterpret the Bible and history in order to come to the conclusion that the modern Roman Catholic teaching of papal primacy is Christian.
geocities.com/apologeticsrepo/Roman_Catholicism/4Catholic.html