But then came the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement, which was initiated by an outbreak of ―baptisms in the Holy Spirit‖ that began at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh in 1967 (Laurentin 1977; Mansfield 1992) and was taken south by American priests in the early 1970s. It is revealing that the members of this movement ―initially called themselves Pentecostal Catholics‖ (Chesnut 2003b: 61); and aside from some distinctive elements of Catholic culture, such as an emphasis on the Virgin Mary, it is difficult to tell Protestant and Catholic charismatics apart. Both conduct vibrant, emotion-packed worship services during which clergy and members of the congregation often engage in glossolalia, or speaking in tongues. Both put great stress on miraculous healing. Having evolved into an international movement with a central headquarters in the Vatican, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement (CCR) now provides the backbone of Catholic commitment in Latin America. Although there are no reliable national statistics on CCR membership, it is estimated that there are at least 30 million members in Latin America, according to the coordinator of the CCR in the Vatican (Martinez 2009). In any event, the impact of the CCR on the religious life of Latin America has been immense. Just as Protestant Pentecostals fill soccer stadia for massive revivals, CCR revivals fill the same stadia. In addition, the CCR has established tens of thousands of weekly prayer groups, which, unlike the Base Communities, have generated intense levels of public commitment. For example, Catholic Mass attendance had long been notoriously low in Latin America, but today according to World Poll data, Latin Catholics display remarkably high levels of Mass attendance—in excess of 60 percent a week in many nations. This was accomplished not by sermons about how the Church could organize to mitigate material deprivations, but by sermons invoking the Holy Spirit, thereby activating religious motivations for religiousness