Please explain what do you mean by this phrase? What does it entail, and how is it different from some “other” methods? What are the precise steps one must take to find out if a proposition about the external reality is true or not? What are its alleged limitation?
Please be specific. Thank you.
It is troubling that someone does not know what the Scientific Method is and has not used it. Only a generation ago, everyone graduating intermediate school had learned this method and had used it to perform experiments.
The Scientific Method is a method for finding the scientifically verifiable results.
The Steps in short are:
- Do Background Research
- Construct a Hypothesis
- Test the Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
- Analyze the Data to Derive a Conclusion
- Communicate Your Results
- Independent reproduction of the experiment and analysis.
If the results are confirmed, the community will then accept the results, otherwise a additional research and a new hypothesis must be constructed.
Process
The overall process involves making hypotheses, deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine whether the original hypothesis was correct.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained from observations, that may explain the observed behavior of a part of our universe. The hypothesis might be very specific, e.g., Einstein’s equivalence principal or it might be broad.
Experiment
This is an investigation of how the real world behaves. Scientists (and other people) test hypotheses by conducting Experiments. The purpose of an experiment is to find out how the real world behaves. If they agree with the hypothesis, confidence in the hypothesis increases; otherwise, it decreases. Agreement does not assure that the hypothesis is true; future experiments may reveal problems. Karl Popper advised scientists to try to falsify hypotheses, i.e., to search for and test those experiments that seem most doubtful. Large numbers of successful confirmations are not convincing if they arise from experiments that avoid risk. Experiments should be designed to minimize possible errors, especially through the use of appropriate scientific controls. For example, tests of medical treatments are commonly run as double blind tests.
Analysis
This involves determining what the results of the experiment indicate. In cases where an experiment is repeated many times, a statistical analysis such as a chi-squared test may be required. If the evidence has falsified the hypothesis, a new hypothesis is required; if the experiment supports the hypothesis but the evidence is not strong enough for high confidence, other predictions from the hypothesis must be tested. Once a hypothesis is strongly supported by evidence.
**Peer Verification
**In many ways this is the most important step. Other scientists, the more the better, will independently repeat the experiment and keep records of the results and analysis. This either gives a substantial confidence to or negates the results of the original experiments results.
As to limitations, it is limited to the material universe It cannot be used, for example, to with higher qualities or concepts such as beauty, love, or the question the existence of something that cannot be measured by the Scientific Method, etc.
Interestingly, the Scientific Method was developed as a result of the Christian belief that the Universe, being made by a rational God, was subject to rational understanding.