What is your favorite proof for God?

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Let me answer this obliquely first, then directly. I think it will make my point clearer.

What can I say more about: This cat, or cats? Cats, or felidae? Felidae, or mammals? Mammals, or animals? Animals, or living things? Living things, or things?

Do you notice that as we move from the narrower concept to the broader concept we can say less and less with precision? I can provide “this specific cat’s” genome, but can’t say much specific at all about “living thing.”

Okay, now that that point is clear, let’s look at how Christians have traditionally understood God.

God is defined by classical theists as ipsum esse subsistens: the subsistent act of being itself. That is, God is the ground of all being, the condition of to be itself. In other words, God is much broader, conceptually, than the concept “thing”; so, if we can say next to nothing specific about “thing,” why expect so precise a definition of God? It seems to me that once you understand the classical theist’s conception of the Christian God, the fact that we have to rely on apophatic theology and analogical predication to talk about God (from the standpoint of reason alone) is neither surprising nor in any sense defective.
I lied, not realizing that you’d posted me twice.

It is impossible to describe the mental repugnance I feel towards intellectuals, people like you who wrap meaningless words around illogical concepts. Might as well send me a gift turd, expensively wrapped by Tiffanys.

Your “god” is a bag of words, crafted to impress whatever band of intellectual nits who taught you that egregious nonsense. My concept of the Creator is that of a creator, an entity, or entities, who actually do things (e.g. creating the universe).

I’d never heard of apophatic theology, and find it fitting that the word appears in the middle of a nonsensical statement:

“…the fact that we have to rely on apophatic theology and analogical predication to talk about God (from the standpoint of reason alone) is neither surprising nor in any sense defective.”

Your statement is not a fact, and is seriously defective.

No one with a functional mind has to rely upon any theology invented by anyone else, and especially not by philosophers who thought that the flat earth was at the center of their limited universe, or by modern philosophers, who are largely a bunch of narrowly but extensively educated incompetents who don’t know enough to change a tire.

Theology is a field which consists of ideas which theologians have invented. None invented by Christian theologians have any connection to physical reality. I do not need to rely on ideas founded upon ideas, founded upon… ad infinitum, nor does anyone else with a functional mind.

You go ahead. Your intellectually wrapped brick will remain a brick, useful for building a sturdy outhouse.

If you want to believe in apophatic theology, why not believe in apophatic engineering as well? Perhaps you believe in apophatic work as well, and that you turn in your tax return on January 2nd so that you’ll get your rebate (welfare) check as soon as possible.
 
Anselm’s is my favorite because it is simple, elegant, and ontological.
 
Anselm’s is my favorite because it is simple, elegant, and ontological. Then any of St. Thomas’s come next.
 
That’s a fairly wide range of God-definitions. Generally speaking, you’ve covered the available bases. I propose that there is another base in a different game, a God Who is not omnipotent, not omniscient, logically and physically limited, Who did not always exist.
I would categorize this in the second group, along with pantheism and panentheism. I’d rather use the term “Alien”. It’s another being that didn’t always exist, isn’t human, isn’t from this planet. I’d prefer the term “Alien”. If you’d rather use “God”, that’s fair. I’m open to that possibility.

I am impressed by your kindness in offering to pay for books for me, and would rarely refuse. I must, in this case, because I did read Behe’s “Darwin’s Black Box”. If you’d like to send me another of Behe’s books, I would accept, but after a few months. I don’t have time to read about this at the moment, but would in a few months.

Also, as a strict constructivist, I see Behe’s argument as a very clever and subtle non-scientific argument couched in scientific terms. I am open to the possibility that I am wrong in this. My question about intelligent design is: how can it be falsified? What prediction does intelligent design make that, if it is not observed in a certain system, establishes that there was no intelligent designer?

If we specify the intelligent designer, as above, as aliens, then we might, depending on our assumptions, be able to determine such a test. However, the open question seems unfalsifiable, and so unscientific. I think much good knowledge comes from outside science. I’m just not an expert in that knowledge, and so it’s hard for me to determine what of it is well-established, and what of it is speculative, and what of it is nonsense.
Perhaps I will have the opportunity to offer a more compelling argument, in the context of a larger theory in which carbon-14 is as mindless as carbon-12, not all humans have minds, and the universe is filled with them. I almost never equivocate.
Religion has bounds. Science does not, although there are nitwits within who desire them. When science acquires bounds, it will become a religion.
All particles, according to Dyson, have minds, though the minds are very different from human minds, or God’s mind. His argument, though admittedly unscientific and speculative, is interesting.

I’d be interested to hear why you think God (or a very powerful Alien) exists.

I think science has very solid limits. If it happens to surpass the limits, then I will revise my thoughts to expand the lines I draw. But I am not a scientific fundamentalist: I don’t think science has or ever can have all the answers. Literature, philosophy, art, all discover and express truth. Science just does so in the way I enjoy most and makes most sense to me.
 
Very interesting paragraph.

I do not see anything in the universe that requires the universe (multiverse?) to be a closed system that contains all the explanations we need. I also don’t see anything in the universe that precludes it being closed. So I take the third way: I don’t know.

I do have the right to exclude whatever I like from “science”, so long as I am clear that the definition used may not be the regular one. I use it to talk about things I can understand fairly well (science) and things I cannot (non-science). Truth can certainly be found in and out of science.

So by “science” I mean a naturalistic methodology that strives for predictive power and accuracy.
Back to reality
Living Tradition of The Roman Theological Forum is an excellent site from which to engage with reality.
rtforum.org/lt/lt117.html
“….it is a basic assumption of many, probably most, modern empirical scientists that physical nature is a closed system ultimately explainable in terms only of itself, but this assumption is not essential to the findings and structure of modern science. Secondly, it is reasonable for an empirical science which as such is based strictly upon the observation and statistical recording of natural recurrences, not to be able to recognize within its own field of competence divine interventions or even interventions caused by free human decisions. But that does not entitle empirical scientists to exclude divine or human interventions that are observable in other fields of science, such as the fields of history, philosophy, and theology. Nor is an empirical scientist justified in limiting certified knowledge to the data of the empirical sciences and in thus excluding his need to acknowledge the results of other sciences. Hence, what comes particularly into focus at this point is the difference between simply not finding divine interventions within the special fields of empirical science and declaring, as an empirical scientist, that no such divine interventions have taken place or are even possible. The fact is that every empirical scientist is living in a larger world of reality and reasonably needs to fit his specialized knowledge into the knowledge of the larger world. [My underlining].
 
It’s amazing how people so readily accept anecdotal evidence hundreds of years old, yet reject scientific evidence for things like evolution or climate change that is happening and can be demonstrated RIGHT NOW. Convenient how none of these things happen today, or to more people at a time. It’s not that I’d reject any evidence provided, yet stories like this are no more reliable than stories of sea monsters told by Vikings or eyewitness accounts of UFO’s. Even when a large group of people see’s something unexplained, it doesn’t prove their conclusion (based on preexisting beliefs) is necessarily the correct one.
I think your statements are unfair. You gave a simple request that God heal an amputee. I think the response was more than appropriate and generous in addition. You then responded by adding conditions, such as that the documented miracle must occur within specific time bounds that you specify. If scientists worked that way, they would never get anything done.

These accounts were not anecdotal, but included documented procedures of amputation. The regrowth must be anecdotal evidence, because no one goes to a hospital to get their limb regrown. No one sits in a chair and says “Now watch while my limb regrows and write down what you see.” You asked for anecdotal evidence when you asked for God to regrow an amptutated limb.

Provelt312, why do you doubt something simply because it happened a long time ago? A few hundred years is not that long, we still had paper and knew how to write. We also still had science and medicine.

Perhaps you didn’t realize that you wouldn’t begin to believe when confronted with evidence of a regrown limb. Is there something else that might help you to believe?
 
If you’ve not found any evidence against a creator, you haven’t looked very hard. I’d recommend starting with “God: The Failed Hypothesis” by Victor Stenger and go from there.

As far as your questions, science is working on answering these and other questions that, yes, we do no yet know the answers to. But to fill that gap in knowledge with god is lazy; science has progressed mankind’s knowledge exponentially more in the past century than all religions have combined throughout their entire combined existence. I’m going with those that have discovered answers rather than invented them.
I do not fill in gaps with God, I seek the same answers you do with science. I simply seek the answers to learn more about God and the things He has done, rather than seek the answers to disprove God because man has all the answers. If absolute knowledge (even on a particular topic like the origin of the universe) is required to disprove God - we still have a very long way to go.

Science will always have its gaps. But God does not need gaps in science to “fit” into existence.

Victor Stenger’s approach seems to be to create a model of a universe without a God and see if it matches our universe. I wonder what he based the creation of his model on? He couldn’t have used this universe (without negating his argument), so what universe did he use? Maybe I’ll have to borrow a copy of the book and find out.
 
I know I tend to come off as combative, yet my ultimate motivation is for people to focus more on their fellow man and making the world a better place for this and future generations. One of my favorite quotes that explains this position is “There is not sufficient love and goodness in the world to permit us to give some of it away to imaginary beings.”
So why do you “combat” people who believe there is infinite love and seek to imitate it? It seems you are focusing on the wrong people if you mean to accomplish your goal.

If your goal is to make the world a better place for this and future generations, I would focus on the people who think that there is nothing else for them but their own lifetime and who seek to gain as much pleasure out of this life regardless of how much it hurts the current or future generation. Doesn’t that sound like the place to start? If not, what is your reasoning?
 
Human thinking (I use the word loosely) seems to be dependent upon agreement. No one wants to be the only man in the village who has seen a UFO or LGM, or who has healed someone with her touch. Worse than death is to believe something which is entirely outside the bounds of accepted belief.

Therefore, data which cannot be explained by any currently agreed-upon-by-nitwits-theory are largely dismissed.

Ball lightening is an excellent case in point. It had been reported over centuries by many witnesses, just regular folk with no agenda, and with no particular credentials as trained, objective observers. Lacking any theory to explain it, ball lightening observations were dismissed by all scientists.

This changed in the late 20th century when physicists went to work on the problem of hydrogen fusion (a contained H-bomb). They developed some equations which described plasmas, self-contained blobs of energetic particles. Ah ha! Someone figured out that these equations would apply to ball lightening observations. Thus it became okay to believe in ball lightening. The subsequent proliferation of video cameras added enough empirical evidence to cement the deal.

Now it is okay for a scientist to believe in the existence of ball lightening— nevermind that we still have no clue as to what it is, or what causes it— exactly as before the plasma descriptions and cool videos.

Credible scientists do not believe in UFOs despite considerable excellent evidence (no, not on the History/Discovery Channels) because they cannot get past the velocity of light barrier, which only means that they’ve accepted the applicability of the Lorentz transformation to the real universe.

Check some history books. We come from a legacy of very well educated and highly intelligent nitwits whose thought processes stop dead at theoretical barriers, until someone with a functional mind (but fewer diplomas) punches a hole through them.

Despite the ongoing claims of scientists that for them, evidence is paramount, it is not. What is important for run-of-the-mill scientists who control the scientific belief systems, is their current favorite theory. Data which cannot fit their theories are declared false data, no matter how many times the information may be repeated, or in how many different forms.

Theory always trumps data.

Reliable treadmill scientists do not believe in telepathy, telekinesis, precognition, or anything smacking of the vaguely spiritual, because their belief system does not support it. Yet, the evidence is out there. Curiously, most religionists are in the science camp on such supposedly controversial issues.

Your last sentence exposes the problem: “Even when a large group of people see’s something unexplained, it doesn’t prove their conclusion (based on preexisting beliefs) is necessarily the correct one.”

You insist upon tying observations to beliefs (theories). Yet, most casual observers have no particular agenda, and do not relate their observations to a belief system. The country people who watched a ball of lightening roll along their street and up into a rainwater barrel, evaporating the water, did not declare the event to be an act of God. The pilots who have seen UFO’s simply reported what they saw.

It is people like you who muck things up, muddling observations with theory, thereby forestalling, or impeding the invention of a more comprehensive theory.

I propose that we accept all useful observations, and if these happen to contradict any theory, then scrap the theory because it is certainly incorrect. The history of science has proven this.
Well said! 👍
 
I have not defined the Christian concept of any creator. That is the job of Christians. Any concepts respecting the Creator of the universe that I propose are my own.
You most certainly did when you attempted to limit God by physical laws.
A forthright person would have had the integrity to use the pronoun “you” rather than the smarmy, oblique adjective “some,” like you did.
And you can cut the self-righteous nonsense. You’ve repeatedly dismissed philosophy and “most Christians” without bothering to take the time to understand either. (Come one, you had the chutzpah to dismiss a philosopher – Alvin Plantinga – whose very technical books take even well trained philosophers a lot of serious effort to understand after “googling” him, and then you question my integrity!)
 
The First Law of Thermodynamics implicitly declares that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

The God defined by Christianity is believed to have created all things. He cannot have created energy, (Please spare readers with a three-digit I.Q. the yada yada about how God can create anything, or create energy and then declare that it cannot be created, You asked for a scientific law, and there it is. Not just a mickey-mouse law, but one which is fundamental to classical physics and recognized by the U.S. Patent Office, which is why you cannot patent your perpetual motion machine unless it produces no heat.

If that’s not enough, consider the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which declares that there is a lower limit to temperature, 0 degrees Kelvin. God cannot make an ice cube any colder than 0 K. That means that God is physically limited, contrary to the commonly held definition of God.

None of this implies that there is no creator of the universe— only that humans have incorrectly defined the creator.
Sorry, there are two main definitions of an omnipotent God, and neither of them is hampered by your assertion. Here is a good explanation of the question: Can God create a stone so heavy he can’t lift it?
existence-of-god.com/paradox-of-the-stone.html

Greylorn, what is your hypothesis on (1) how energy came into existance and (2) why energy was organized into matter orginially. It seems like descriptions of “the heat death of the universe” or some randomly distributed energy pattern would be more likely.

I really would like to know the total energy of the universe, but I don’t think I’ll ever find out. I think it would make a good unit system for energy. Most common measurements would be very small percentages, but perhaps a resonable unit could be defined that is a particular fraction of the total. More likely, we’d adjust an existing unit to be an integral fraction, like we did with the meter and the speed of light.
 
I propose that there is another base in a different game, a God Who is not omnipotent, not omniscient, logically and physically limited, Who did not always exist.
Hmm, interesting. At what point did this god begin to exist? Who or what created this god at that time?
 
But to fill that gap in knowledge with god is lazy; science has progressed mankind’s knowledge exponentially more in the past century than all religions have combined throughout their entire combined existence.
Quite synthetic, quite blunt, and quite wrong. You seem to believe that Science (with capital ‘S’) will somehow lead us to a bright new future. And yet if you have brains (which you seem to have) you should suspect that it won’t. Just give it time to become what it, of its own nature, really is: a decent and incredibly useful problem solver; nothing less and nothing more.
 
Finally,

To name a philosopher who has studied some of Physics: Saul Kripke. He never got his PhD in anything, and certainly doesn’t need it. He clearly would have changed whatever field he decided to work in.

A few others: Robin Collins, Ernan McMullin, John Polkinghorne, Varadaraja Raman, Robert Russell, Frank Tipler (though he never studied philosophy seriously, and his ideas are truly bizarre)… all from the “Closer to Truth” website. I’m sure there exist many others.

They would be relatively rare, because it is hard to be proficient in two very different fields.
 
BTW, according to a survey of members of the American Assn. for the Advancement of Science, conducted by the Pew Research Center in May and June, a majority of scientists (51%) say they believe in God or a higher power, while 41% say they do not. [Scientists Don’t Hate God After All, Nov 25th 2009. http://fusionfilter.com/?p=5036]
I always find it amusing when people quote this kind of “facts”: “atheists are more intelligent than believers”; “scientists are less inclined to believe in God than the masses”; etc., etc. etc. This is obviously totally irrelevant for the question at hand. God’s existence can be tackled in many ways, by stupid and intelligent people alike. It is a bit like love - and perhaps this is not just serendipidity. Everyone can fall in love. You can have a IQ of 180 and still be completely clueless in love. You can have Herculean intelligence (not force), but the love you feel takes you to Heaven on earth. You can be intelligent and force yourself to fall in love for someone - and yet feel nothing for that person; and you can live absent minded for most of your life and then love strikes you with might. Love is very much like God: you don’t control it; you don’t grasp it; you know it lies in the recesses of your brain, and yet it exists in some strange entirety; you can’t imagine it until it touches you; if you rationalize it too much or too little, it becomes a fact or a memory, that is, a burden on your mind.
 
Scripture in Romans 1 states that “because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.”

www.scriptureprevails.com
 
Science does not [have bounds], although there are nitwits within who desire them. When science acquires bounds, it will become a religion.
Please define what you mean with “bounds” here. If you mean that (1) science can (at least in principle) address any problem, I agree with you. If you mean that (2) Science has the potential to solve any problem, I don’t agree. Science is so incredibly powerful that this is just about the only postulate that I would be willing to sponsor regarding it: “Science cannot and will not solve all the problems that a man can formulate about the natural world.” Now, I think some people here at the forum piously believe the opposite: in due time, Science will be able to explain the origins of the Universe (or more complex entities), heal the sick, control people’s emotions, prolong life indefinitely, etc. The reason I think this will never happen is that, if it is true that man is just a biological machine, then a man’s brain and its offshoots (like computers and Science itself), being limited by physical constraints, cannot go beyond a certain level of complexity. If it is true that man is not just a biological machine, then for there to be a role for anything other than natural entities, there must be some fundamental incompleteness of the natural world that allows for supernatural entities to be operative (or even meaningful); this incompleteness therefore cannot be solved by Science. I believe this argument applies even when people are thinking about pantheism and other systems that include “god” in the natural world. If Science can explain such a “god”, it becomes a scientific fact not different from a falling jar or St. Elmo’s fire.

So, when you say that “when science acquires bounds, it will become a religion”, I think that, if you define bounds as in (2) above (as I guess you do), you’re dead wrong. I think that Science will become a religion precisely when people believe that it has no bounds. And in some minds this already happened.
 
I would categorize this in the second group, along with pantheism and panentheism. I’d rather use the term “Alien”. It’s another being that didn’t always exist, isn’t human, isn’t from this planet. I’d prefer the term “Alien”. If you’d rather use “God”, that’s fair.
Reply 1 of 2 or maybe 3

i kind of figured you’d put it your group two. It does not belong there. I actually have an alternative God-concept which does not fit into available categories.

The word “God” invokes specific ideas in the minds of both believers and disbelievers, so I can understand your preference for an alternative. However, “alien” is even more loaded and way too broadly used to be useful. Which aliens? The little green men from Roswell or the illegals smuggling themselves and their dope across the Arizona border?

I invented a word, “Geon” which is specific to my god-concept. I don’t use it in normal communications because it takes a few chapters to lay the groundwork for its explanation. You and I could use it for these discussions if it works for you.
Also, as a strict constructivist, I see Behe’s argument as a very clever and subtle non-scientific argument couched in scientific terms. I am open to the possibility that I am wrong in this. My question about intelligent design is: how can it be falsified? What prediction does intelligent design make that, if it is not observed in a certain system, establishes that there was no intelligent designer?
This is a worthy conversational point.

I don’t know what you mean by “strict constructivist.” It invokes the image of an anally retentive dogmatic atheist wearing a John Locke Halloween mask. Please, no!

You are probably right about Behe’s arguments in Darwin’s Black Box. He does better in The Edge of Evolution, but I guess that you’ll have the same complaint. But consider the subject with which he is dealing.

I’ll assume that you’ve read Darwin’s Origin of Species as well. His arguments are identical in nature and quality to Behe’s. While Darwin cites considerable scientific data in support of his theories and tells us everything we wanted to know about finches but were afraid to ask, none of his data actually applies to his theories. He is a true magician, waving evidence of overwhelming diversity before his audience with one hand, then bringing out his hat and extracting the rabbit with the other.

Darwin’s rabbit, notions like “survival of the fittest” a.k.a. “natural selection,” and random mutation, are not scientific principles. Natural selection is a simple marketing rule. explaining why you cannot find cut-up dodo birds in a supermarket meat case, and why you don’t drive to the supermarket in your new Edsel. It has zero predictive value.

Although I do not pore over the biological literature and therefore may have missed something, to the best of my knowledge there are no experiments which demonstrate that random (except for a few single-point) mutations are capable of generating useful, long-term variations, much less species change.

Admittedly, these changes do occur. Scientists and atheists have already discarded the notion of intelligent engineering, so for them, random mutations are the default cause. But that is hardly scientific.

Suppose (this is an example for the sake of argument, not of my own ideas) that God exists and created little gremlins to design life. Programmed, tiny energy-beings like the nanobots our scientists are currently working on, except that God’s gremlins are designed to understand DNA coding and are capable of snatching selected nucleotides from a DNA segment and replacing them with others, just like a modern computer programmer selects a desired bit-sequence.

These gremlin programmers are responsible for all the useful DNA changes,

i cannot prove the existence of these gremlins. I cannot devise an experiment in which we film them changing a DNA sequence, any more than you can watch or record random mutations at work building new proteins and biological motors.

i think that we can accept the available evidence for random mutations of DNA. We can show that quasi-random mutations do occur (fruit fly irradiation) but we cannot prove that random mutations produce useful changes. More to the point, the only useful changes to DNA of which we know the cause, for certain, were made by human engineers.

That would make intelligent design the only known cause** of useful genetic changes. Yet, I.D. is unscientific. In the meantime, mysterious, random changes which occur without cause, are treated as a scientific force to be reckoned with. Go figure.

I propose that in terms of verifiability, my gremlin theory is on the same playing field as Darwinian mutations, and that the game is still in progress.

(Remember, Gremlin Theory is a temporary invention for the sake of argument. My actual theory involves potentially verifiable gremlins.)

This argument can be summed up thusly: Intelligent Design is not a scientific theory, and neither is neo-Darwinism.

Your proposal for the standard by which intelligent design can be verified is worthless. Was it a test? Suppose we apply your standard, “What prediction does intelligent design make that, if it is not observed in a certain system, establishes that there was no intelligent designer?” to the original Apple Computer engineering department (Steve Jobs’ garage). Steve is clearly intelligent, by any standards. Could you have predicted the Apple Computer,or the success of the business he founded? Could you have predicted what Steve would not have engineered?

Is there any way that you could have lurked outside Steve’s garage, or Joe Blow’s garage, and determine the existence, or not, of an intelligent designer within on the basis of what did not emerge?
 
Greylorn,

So I think the word “Geon” would be a better term to use in this context, though I’m not sure exactly what it means. It’s a good word to start out with.

By “constructivist” I mean something akin to “epistemological constructivism”, though forgive me if my understanding differs from that of professional philosophers. I see science as just one set of tools, one of many valid ways to understand our universe.

Then there’s the issue of falsifiability. This isn’t, according to philosophers of science, the best way to determine whether an idea is scientific, but it suffices for me in most cases (it does miss some of the more speculative areas in science). When a theory is formulated, as a way to explain facts, it is expected that said theory, if it is useful, will make predictions. If that which the theory predicts is not observed, then the theory is “falsified”, at least within that context. Falsified theories may still be the accepted science, if there is no better theory at the time. Often when this happens, scientists will use the more friendly term “upper limit”, or “lower limit”, to talk about the threshold a falsified theory might still be able to be established. Ideas like String Theory are at least nominally scientific, since they do make unique predictions, but there’s a question of how useful these ideas are, because their predictions could only be tested in regions well outside our best experimental thresholds.

Is the theory of evolution scientific? Yes. It predicts certain species within certain geological depths, as well as certain genetic relationships. If there were strong counter-examples for these genetic relationships, or if the wrong species were found at a certain depth (say a rabbit in the Precambrian), then the theory would be falsified. It would likely still be accepted, until another theory that could explain this anomalous data was proposed.

Is natural selection scientific? I would also say yes, though in a qualified way. Natural selection has been able to make at least pseudo-predictions, and can even be linked to work in genetics (I’d suggest reading Schrodinger’s book on the origin of life, which is where genetics is first seriously proposed as a logical consequence to evolution by natural selection). The predictions natural selection makes are very sloppy, because natural selection is, at least as far as I know, not very well defined. Also, natural selection has been falsified in different biological systems (see Prigogine’s book “Order out of Chaos”, as well as R Lande’s 1976 paper on genetic drift, and Gould’s work on the Punctuated Equilibrium), suggesting the existence of other still unknown forces that must be involved as the evolutionary mechanism, which the works I cited discuss.

These other forces at least in principle could be falsified. Genetic drift can be measured, and it seems clear currently that the measure is wanting; it is insufficient by itself to provide a mechanism for evolution. Prigogine’s solution, due in part to its mathematical nature, has been difficult to implement to make strong predictions, and so has fallen out of favor. I don’t know why Gould’s hypothesis has seemingly died.

So it seems to me that not only can natural selection be falsified, but it has been falsified, and other mechanisms need to be discovered to account for biological evolution.

Is Intelligent Design falsifiable? Yes and no. I can imagine it being falsifiable if we have a very good understanding about the posited designer (as with Apple). We would establish first that Steve Jobs existed, and leave it up to the reader to decide whether or not he is intelligent.

The more obvious test I propose: if something has been recently designed by humans, it would likely have some sort of biological residuum on it. If what was examined from the back of Apple was discovered to have no human biological material on it, that would falsify the theory that humans designed it, but it would be a weak falsification; it would require further explanation (maybe they are flawless in cleaning the devices they work on, or use only machines in their design). Another test could be proposed to explore this possibility. Also, tests about mechanism could be performed. We would propose how certain parts were designed, and test for them; if the test comes back negative then the theory would be falsified. The theory still wouldn’t be abandoned: we’d need another better theory to explain the origin of i-pods.

The less obvious but more effective test: find an i-pod in a place where no human has before been. If the core of a small asteroid were found to be composed of linked i-pods, or if a single i-pod were discovered on Mars, then, though we may still support that there is an intelligent designer (this seems like good intuition, even if not yet well-established science), we at least know that humans would not be the only designers.

But is intelligent design, in general, falsifiable? I can’t think of any way it could be. Like with snow flakes. Each is complex, and each is unique. I can propose a completely natural mechanism that accounts for snow flakes, but this mechanism involves forces of nucleation, which still are not well-understood; a mechanism for the production of snow flakes is unknown. It could be proposed that this mechanism is the effect of an intelligent designer. Even if I were to establish a natural mechanism (if I were to explain nucleation), there is no way I can imagine to determine that there isn’t an intelligence using that mechanism as an instrument for his or her or its own ends.

This in my mind makes intelligent design unscientific.

It would enter into the realm of science if there were a certain way to detect (if only indirectly) the designer itself.
 
The State of Israel.

Read their history, the persecution, the hardship they have gone through for thousands of years until their promised State. One will realize how God works through adversities and be triumphant in the end.

This will always be my modern day reminder, the God of Israel is true to His Words.

Amen:thumbsup:
 
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