The principle characteristic of gnosticism is that it is a two-tiered “gospel”. There are certain teachings and mysteries that are withheld and kept secret from all but the fully initiated. Many members never achieve all the necessary qualifications to be initiated into the deeper mysteries.
Actually, the principle characteristic of Gnosticism is salvation through Gnosis, but I’ll come back to that in a bit. A “two-tiered Gospel” isn’t unique to Gnosticism, it’s a Christian concept in general… Christ Himself had outer teachings (which He presented to the masses) and inner teachings (which he revealed to His disciples), and it’s right there in the Bible.
And when he was alone, the twelve that were with him asked him the parable. And he said to them: To you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but to them that are without, all things are done in parables: That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand: lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them. (Mark 4:10-12)
But He’s also said that “there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed: nor hidden, that shall not be known” (Luke 12:2). So we know that Gnosis is freely available to everyone – unfortunately, most people aren’t inclined to seek it. But I believe eventually everyone will have Gnosis, it just takes time.
Outer teachings lay a foundation upon which to build. You wouldn’t expect a child to be able to read War and Peace without first teaching him the fundamentals of reading. Laying a foundation before being fully admitted to the Mysteries was always present in Christianity… Catechumens were dismissed after the Liturgy of the Word, for example, because they were not admitted to the Mystery of the Eucharist until they were properly educated and initiated. This is still reflected in the dismissal of the catechumens going through RCIA today, before the Creed; although they certainly aren’t kicked out if they stay.
Outer teachings were designed to attract converts, and also lay a foundation for deeper understanding. They were easier to understand for the average person, and once they had that foundation, they could learn the deeper significance of these things through the inner teachings.
In Mormonism, only those who hold a temple recommend are allowed to know the secrets taught in the temple, including the signs, tokens and key words (sacred gestures, hand shakes and names) the knowledge of which allow one to enter into the upper levels of the celestial kingdom (the highest level of heaven). Those without this secret knowledge will never be permitted to become gods. Becoming a god (exaltation) is the goal of every latter-day saint.
I won’t pretend to know a lot about exaltation, but from what I understand, Gnosis is what makes us different from Mormons. Gnosis isn’t something that can be taught – it’s a direct experience with God. And the big difference is that a Gnostic doesn’t become
a god, or
like God; Gnosis is the knowledge we are already part of God, and we remember our origin in Him, which we tend to forget when we are born into the world. At the end of time, we won’t have all these separate gods hanging around ruling our own worlds… We will be at rest in God Himself, because we are a part of Him.
Ascension to godhood is an idea that also pervades gnosticism.
Again, we don’t attain godhood. We remember that we are sparks of His Divine Light currently living in a sea of forgetfulness, and the perception of separateness – “you” and “me” – falls away, because we’re truly one in God.
That’s just a partial explanation of why many Christians consider Mormonism to be a gnostic religion.
I can see why many people would see a similarity between Gnosticism and Mormonism, but I think it comes down to a misunderstanding of what Gnosticism actually is.