The White ethnic groups that settled in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic region have a very turbulent history with African-Americans. Irish, Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, etc., immigrants often clashed with African-Americans in major urban areas like Chicago, New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit, etc. They assumed the identity of “Whiteness” and everything that went along with that, including racism and discrimination against African-Americans.
You are leaving out A LOT here.
Those groups not only had a “turbulent” history with African Americans, they also had a VERY TURBULENT history with each other.
Germans, Italians, Pols, Lithuanians, etc all had to have their own Personal Parishes (also known as informally known as “National Parishes”) because the Irish didn’t want any of them attending “their” parishes.
The schematic “National Polish Catholic Church” was founded because some Polish Catholics believe that the Irish Bishops in America were neglecting the Polish Community (some of it was true & some was misunderstood)
These ethic areas didn’t adopt “whiteness” as much as they were really xenophobes. Only Irish people were welcomed in an Irish ghetto & at an “Irish Church” in the Irish ghetto. Only Italians were welcome in the Italian ghetto, etc.
While it’s very possible that African-Americans viewed it as solely racism, it was really more xenophobia than anything else. Because if an Italian dared entered into an Irish church, there would be hell to pay (and vice versa).
- BTW - the Irish hatred of Italians was always confusing to me since the Pope was always Italian for all of American history until St. Pope John Paul II.
A 21st century example is the town my father was born in:
3 parishes in a coal town in PA all merged into one parish around 2011 or so. One parish was the Italian Parish, one was the Irish Parish & the 3rd was the Slovak Parish.
When they merged, you could read a TON of xenophobic comments being made on the online newspaper article in the town.
Because the parish could never cooperate, the merged parish was closed & merged with another parish outside of town. So in 2010, this small town had 3 Roman Catholic Parishes (plus 1 Byzantine Catholic Church). Today, the 3 Roman Rite parishes are gone and the only the Byzantine Rite parish remains.
And this wasn’t in the 1800s or early 1900s. This was the 2010s.
My point: sometimes, what seems like racism is really xenophobia (not that it’s any better). Plus, a bunch of this xenophobia was pushed by gang leaders, who back then still went to Mass. Catholics who would have been open to African Americans and/or other European nationalities were often afraid of the gang leaders/members.