Continued from previous post.
Chapter 25 of the
Westminster Confession of Faith (Presbyterian)
*I. The catholic or universal Church, which is invisible, consists of the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one, under Christ the Head thereof; and is the spouse, the body, the fulness of Him that fills all in all.[1]
II. The visible Church, which is also catholic or universal under the Gospel (not confined to one nation, as before under the law), consists of all those throughout the world that profess the true religion;[2] and of their children:[3] and is the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ,[4] the house and family of God,[5] out of which there is no ordinary possibility of salvation.[6]
III. Unto this catholic visible Church Christ has given the ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God, for the gathering and perfecting of the saints, in this life, to the end of the world: and does, by His own presence and Spirit, according to His promise, make them effectual thereunto.[7]
IV. This catholic Church has been sometimes more, sometimes less visible.[8] And particular Churches, which are members thereof, are more or less pure, according as the doctrine of the Gospel is taught and embraced, ordinances administered, and public worship performed more or less purely in them.[9]*
V. The purest Churches under heaven are subject both to mixture and error;[10] and some have so degenerated, as to become no Churches of Christ, but synagogues of Satan.[11] Nevertheless, there shall be always a Church on earth to worship God according to His will.[12] . . .
Traditions coming out of the Radical Reformation tended to reject the idea of a territorial church completely. Most notable are the Baptists, whose confessions explicitly rejected the idea of a church-state connection. The Baptist concept of the Church is explained in detail in
Chapter 27 of the Philadelphia Confession (1742):
*. . . All persons throughout the world, professing the faith of the gospel, and obedience unto God by Christ, according unto it, not destroying their own profession by any error, everting the foundation, or unholiness of conversation, are and may be called visible saints;2 and of such ought all particular congregations to be constituted.3 . . .
The Lord Jesus Christ is the Head of the church in whom, by the appointment of the Father, all power for the calling, institution, order, or government of the church, is invested in a supreme and sovereign manner . . .
In the execution of this power wherewith He is so intrusted, the Lord Jesus calleth out of the world unto Himself, through the ministry of His Word, by His Spirit, those that are given unto Him, by His Father,9 that they may walk before Him in all the ways of obedience, which He prescribeth to them in His Word.10 Those thus called, He commandeth to walk together in particular societies, or churches, for their mutual edification, and the due performance of that public worship, which He requireth of them in the world.11 . . .
To each of these churches thus gathered according to His mind, declared in His Word, He hath given all that power and authority, which is any way needful for their carrying on that order in worship and discipline, which He hath instituted for them to observe, with commands and rules, for the due and right exerting, and executing of that power.14
A particular church, gathered and completely organized according to the mind of Christ, consists of officers and members; and the officers appointed by Christ to be chosen and set apart by the church, so called and gathered, for the peculiar administration of ordinances, and execution of power or duty, which He entrusts them with, or calls them to, to be continued to the end of the world, are bishops, or elders, and deacons.15 . . .
Although it be incumbent on the bishops or pastors of the churches, to be instant in preaching the Word, by way of office, yet the work of preaching the Word is not so peculiarly confined to them, but that others also gifted, and fitted by the Holy Spirit for it, and approved and called by the church, may and ought to perform it.24
As all believers are bound to join themselves to particular churches, when and where they have opportunity so to do; so all that are admitted unto the privileges of a church, are also under the censures and government thereof, according to the rule of Christ.25 . . . .
As each church, and all the members of it . . . ought to hold communion among themselves, for their peace, increase of love, and mutual edification.28
. . . it is according to the mind of Christ, that many churches holding communion together, do by their messenger, meet to consider, and give their advice in or about the matter in difference, to be reported to all the churches concerned;29 howbeit these messengers assembled, are not intrusted with any church power, properly so called; or with any jurisdiction over the churches themselves, to exercise any censures either over any churches, or persons; or to impose their determination on the churches or officers.30*
As you can see, instead of a territorial church with connections to the state in which everyone was expected to be a member through baptism, Baptists understood the church in terms of local congregations of believers voluntarily gathered together for worship, instruction, and discipleship. These congregations were self-governing under the Lordship of Jesus Christ, but they also eagerly establish communion with congregations of like precious faith.