(CONTINUED…PART 2)
Could James, Joseph, Simon, & Judas (Jude) be referring to Jesus’ disciples?
No. Although there are 2 James’, 2 Simon’s, & 2 Judas’ named amongst Jesus’ disciples (Luke 6:13-16), none of Jesus’ disciples are named ‘Joseph,’ & the Bible makes several distinctions between Jesus’ disciples & His blood-related, half-brothers (see above). Also, Simon Peter had a father named ‘John’ (John 21:15), not ‘Joseph.’ Scripture does not record the family of Simon the Zealot. Judas ‘Iscariot’ (Greek: ‘Iskariōth’ – ‘men of Kerioth’) was from a small town south of Hebron (Joshua 15:25), a southern district of Judea, about 23 miles south of Jerusalem – so he was not from Nazareth, or even Galilee [MacArthur NKJV Study Bible footnotes, Mark 14:10, p.1494], & Judas Iscariot had a father named ‘Simon’ (John 7:71), not ‘Joseph.’ Judas ‘not Iscariot’ (aka: Labbaeus/Thaddaeus) had a father named ‘James’ (Luke 6:16), not ‘Joseph.’ James had a brother named ‘John,’ a father named ‘Zebedee’ (Matthew 4:21) & a mother named Salome (Matthew 27:56; Mark 15:40), not brothers named Joseph, Simon, & Judas (Jude), & not a father named ‘Joseph,’ nor a mother named ‘Mary.’ Although James the Less did have a mother named ‘Mary’ & a brother names ‘Joseph’ (Mark 15:40), he did not have other brothers named ‘Simon’ & ‘Judas’ or ‘sisters.’ and he had a father named ‘Alphaeus’ (Mark 10:3), not ‘Joseph.’
After Jesus appeared to Peter (‘Cephas’) & ‘The 12’ (1 Corinthians 15:5), He then appeared to ‘more than 500 brethren’ (v.6) & then to His half-brother, James (v.7), & then to ‘all the apostles.’ This particular ‘James’ is not James, the brother of John, or James, the son of Alphaeus, because Jesus already appeared to both of them, when He appeared to Peter & ‘The 12’ (v.5). Although this particular ‘James’ wasn’t part of ‘The 12,’ he was one of ‘all the apostles’ (v.7), because ‘apostle’ means ‘messenger, or sent one,’ & is not ‘exclusive’ to ‘The 12,’ because both Paul & Barnabas are also referred to as ‘apostles’ (Acts 14:14).
The Apostle Paul refers to ‘this’ particular ‘James’ as ‘James, the Lord’s brother’ (‘adelphos’)(Galatians 1:19), one of the ‘3 Pillars’ of the Christian Church [along with Cephas (‘Peter’) & John (Galatians 2:9)], the writer of the Epistle of James (James 1:1), & he was also the leader of the Jerusalem Church (Acts 15:13). This ‘James’ is not James, the brother of John, because he was martyred already (Acts 12:2), around 37-44 A.D., & Paul wrote Galatians around 50 A.D. & the Epistle of James was written around 44-49 A.D. – which all the events above were after the death of James, the brother of John. This ‘James’ is also not James the Less, because aside from him being listed as one of ‘The 12,’ the son of Alphaeus & the ‘other Mary,’ & the brother of Joseph (Mark 10:3; 15:40,47; 16:1), there is nothing else known about him & there is no Scriptural evidence that supports that ‘this’ particular ‘James’ is James the Less:
“Early church history is silent about this man named James [the Less]. Some of the earliest legends about him confuse him with James the brother of the Lord….Accounts of his death differ. Some say he was stoned; other say he was beaten to death; still others say he was crucified like his Lord.” - “Twelve Ordinary Men,” John MacArthur, p.173
Josephus, the 1st Century A.D. Jewish & Roman historian, describes James’ relationship to Jesus as “the brother of Jesus, whose name was James” (similar to Paul’s description of him in Galatians 1:19) “& some others (or some of his companions) & when he [Ananus, son of Ananus the high priest] had formed an accusation against them, he delivered them to be stoned.” – “The Antiquities of the Jews” 20.9.1
James, the brother of John, was beheaded (Acts 12:2), while James the Less’ death is uncertain, & James, the half-brother of Jesus died either by stoning, or by being clubbed to death:
gotquestions.org/apostles-die.html
The writer of the Epistle of Jude (Judas) was the brother (‘adelphos’) of James (Jude 1:1 – written around 67-70 A.D.), the half-brother of Jesus, named in Matthew 13:55, & not any of the ‘other Judas’’ mentioned in Scripture, for the same reasons mentioned above “The John MacArthur NKJV Study Bible: The Epistle of James: Author & Date, p.1924; The Epistle of Jude: Author & Date, p.1983]. Therefore, two of Jesus’ half-brothers, James & Judas (Jude) wrote 2 of the Epistles of the New Testament (James 1:1; Jude 1:1).
(CONTINUED…)