Thanks. That’s a more specific document and answers the question better than does the one to which I linked, which is a general discussion of New Age spirituality.
I think that the key issue raised by the document to which you linked (most explicitly addressed in sect. 12) is the role of apophatic spirituality and its relationship to Christian revelation. As the document points out, this is not a new issue. However, by setting up two “false” methods of prayer, Gnosticism and Messalianism, and treating them as clear-cut alternatives to orthodox Christian prayer, the document avoids engaging with the extent to which apophatic
and experiential elements have played important roles in historic Christian spirituality. In the first regard, I note no mention of pseudo-Dionysius, a body of texts that have played a huge role in both Eastern and Western Christianity, significantly influencing not just the mystics but also theologians like Thomas Aquinas who are not typically thought of as apophatic mystics. (Section 19 probably refers to pseudo-Dionysius and those influenced by the Dionysian corpus, but it isn’t explicit.)
Clearly the right approach is not to
abandon the concrete particulars of revelation in favor of a “formless” God. (As he so often does, Ratzinger sounds a bit like Luther in his suspicion of apophatic meditation, though of course he’s far more moderate.) But I think it’s possible to say that the whole reality of God is revealed to us in Jesus while also saying that all intellectual concepts, even those concepts which are formed in our minds by the wholly self-giving revelation of God, are inadequate to the reality that is revealed, and that a thorough-going apophatic tradition like Buddhism has much to teach us in this regard both with regard to content and to method.
In section 15 the claim that what is valid in other religions is “fulfilled in the reality of Christianity beyond all measure” needs to be read carefully and in context. It’s clear from the following section that Ratzinger is not saying that we can simply dismiss the possibility of learning something about prayer from other religions. The “reality of Christianity” would appear to be an eschatological, mystical reality and not equivalent to the sum total of Christian belief and practice as historically manifested up to the present moment. However, I can imagine conservative readers taking this passage out of context to argue that Christianity in the
latter sense already possesses everything that is good in other religions.
In section 16, I particularly like his emphasis on the need for a spiritual director. I would point out that this is also something you find in the Eastern traditions. One big problem with “New Age” spirituality is the idea that you just launch out Alone into the Alone and pick up whatever methods you personally find helpful. Clearly any serious engagement with non-Christian spirituality needs to be done in a disciplined and supervised way and while fully engaging with the communal life of the Church.
I also really like the emphasis on asceticism and purification. Again, this is something that you find in the Eastern religions themselves, but something that is often ignored by those who want to dabble in eclectic spirituality while calling themselves Christians.
In sect. 19, once again, I think that Ratzinger’s Western Augustinianism leads him to neglect some other elements in historic Christianity. Indeed we should not
reject created things. But simply rejecting “selfishness” doesn’t get at what the great apophatic mystics of the Christian tradition are saying about the inadequacy of “creatures.” This is where I think Buddhism, precisely because it’s so alien to the Christian tradition, can possibly be a helpful corrective. Often, especially in Western Christianity, self-mortification and the attempt to stamp down one’s selfishness and pride can itself become a form of what Buddhists would call “attachment.” One can form a false concept of the ego based precisely in one’s consciousness of oneself as a sinner. The endless focus on one’s own sins that you find in Calvinism, in my own Holiness tradition, and in some forms of Western Catholicism, can become a kind of perverse egotism. And I think that Buddhism, precisely because it’s coming from a completely different starting point, may be able to address and name the problem better than any form of historic Christianity. Note that I say
may be–I’m just calling for an investigation of the possibility.
Historically, Christianity says “you are a sinner.” Buddhism says “you do not exist, at least not in the way you think you do.” I don’t think that the latter is saying the same thing as the former, but I also don’t think the two statements are incompatible, and the latter may have medicine for some of the ways in which we misinterpret the former.
If our very conception of ourselves is flawed, and not just our “selfish” attachment to our own particular good (closely related as the two obviously are), then possibly the dichotomy Ratzinger draws between personal union with God and absorption into God isn’t a valid one in the first place. Perhaps what we call “personal union,” imagining selves as we currently think of them united with a God who is a person (or three persons) in more or less the way we think of persons, is indeed a highly imperfect way of thinking about our ultimate destination. But that doesn’t mean that thinking of ourselves as drops of water merging into a great ocean is a wholly adequate image either, or even a more adequate image. Perhaps the ultimate purpose of the divine therapy we are all undergoing is to reshape our very selfhood into something we would not presently recognize as a “self,” and not just to purify our selfhood of moral flaws.