In the spirit of trying to help, I will make a lousy attempt at St. Thomas Aquinas’ teachings on conscience. Any screw up is mine, not St. Thomas’ or the Dominican Friar who taught me this stuff.
The first thing to understand is that we can have both:
Correct Conscience, which means that your conscience is properly formed within the teachings of the Church; and
Incorrect Conscience, which means it is not. A properly formed conscience is the voice of God within us and helps us to align our will with God’s will. An incorrect conscience is not the voice of God and in fact is the voice of someone else. However, as a general rule of thumb, both a correct and incorrect conscience are to be followed, because in the spur of the moment, one cannot always distinguish between a conscience which is correct or one that is not correct. This does not mean that a person with an incorrect conscience is off the hook. Far from it. The question which must be asked is: why is one’s conscience is not properly formed? To figure this out we have to have an understanding of:
Willful Ignorance, meaning that you have intentionally chosen not to seek proper teaching in order to form the conscience vs.
Unintentional Ignorance, which means that one is totally unaware that their conscience is not properly formed. The last thing we have to understand is:
Rejection, which means that they have been informed of proper teachings, but have chosen not to follow them. This highlights the exception to the general rule above, in that a person who has rejected Church teaching is not supposed to follow their conscience.
We have a number of scenarios we can fall into:
- Where one follows a correct conscience. That is a virtuous action.
- Where one follows an incorrect conscience because they are ignorant of Church teachings due to no fault of their own. People who do this have not chosen to be virtuous, but also have not chosen condemnation.
- Where one follows an incorrect conscience because they have chosen not to seek out Church teachings which would form their consciences correctly. A person who does this has chosen condemnation if they do not repent down the road.
- Where one follows an incorrect conscience while knowing what the proper teachings are and choosing to reject them. This means that one has chosen condemnation if repentance does not occur.
- A person has a properly formed conscience, but chooses not to follow it. Regardless of whether one has deliberately followed an incorrect conscience or has deliberately violated a correct one, this person has chosen condemnation.
- A person has a properly formed conscience and wants to follow it, but sins anyway. This person has chosen condemnation providing that they violated their conscience under their own free will. If they were forced to not follow their conscience, then they have not chosen to reject God’s love. And of course, if this person repents, they are freed from condemnation. These are the people we think of as faithful Christians in that they want to do what is right but are still sinners.
People who are aware of Church teaching on a subject but choose not to follow it are condemning themselves. If they rationalize it by claiming that they are supposed to be following their conscience, then they are also fooling themselves. They are saying that they are right and God is wrong and as long as they stay in this state, they cannot repent. The grace which flows from the Sacrament of Reconciliation requires contrition on the part of the penitent. This means that they know what they did was wrong and intend not to do it again. This can be
Perfect Contrition (a person is repentant because of the love of God and desire to do his will) or
Imperfect Contrition (a person is fearful of God and does not want to go to Hell). God is merciful, but obviously wants us to do things out of love for Him.
A person who is not contrite either does not believe what they did was wrong, or does not intend to conform their will to God’s, or both. As such, they are not open to the reception of God’s grace through Confession. Not being able to receive the grace of the Sacrament means they are not able to receive the grace of the Eucharist. In fact, in attempting to do so, they are subject to the same rules of correct versus incorrect conscience, and willful versus unintentional ignorance, and are very possibly choosing condemnation in the process.
People who persist in *willful ignorance *of Church teachings (e.g. they know there is a Catechism and they can’t be bothered to read it) are also condemning themselves. A person who is perfectly contrite truly loves God will seek out His teachings, and will try to act upon them out of love for Him. A person who is imperfectly contrite will seek out God’s teachings out of fear of his just punishments and will try to act on them.
People who would have wanted to do the right thing had they known about it are not condemned, but neither are they necessarily rewarded.
Finally we have those who are sincerely seeking to do the will of God by properly forming their conscience and attempting to follow it. Those people still sin from time to time. However, because they are contrite and penitent, they are open to receiving God’s grace through the Sacrament of Reconciliation which then allows them to receive the Sacrament of the Eucharist. Over time two things can happen: 1) they will be more able to align their will with God’s will; 2) imperfect contrition can become perfect contrition.
Michelle, I hope that helps, in some small way, for you to understand what I was referring to on conscience and the results of following an improperly formed one.
I will allow you to have whatever last word you wish to have at this point, and will limit my discussion to the interesting topic of the office of Deaconess in the early Church.