The term Body of Christ has two separate connotations: it may refer to Jesus’ statement about the Eucharist at the Last Supper that “This is my body” in Luke 22:19-20, or the explicit usage of the term by the Apostle Paul in I Corinthians to refer to the Christian Church.
Of all the books of Scripture and of all the writings of the early Church Fathers, it is St. Paul who first uses the concept of and writes about the “body of Christ” in those specific words. Although the various gospel narratives of the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper recount Jesus’s declarations that “this is my body” and “this is my blood,” the gospels do not include the phrase “the body of Christ.” St. John, in the Last Supper Discourses, reports Jesus as saying several things about unity with Him and remaining in Him, but there is no mention of “the body of Christ”.
This “body of Christ” idea as it appears in St. Paul is not an easy concept to understand – how can my physical body be “in Christ” and all of our bodies be “in each other”? I can see two clouds flow together and you get one cloud. But two bodies? Or pour a glass of water into a glass of wine and you get one glass – a glass of water in wine – one glass of watered down wine. How can my body be in Christ’s body? How can I be “in” someone else’s body?
…let me make it quite clear that when Christians say the Christ-life is in them, they do not mean simply something mental or moral. When they speak of being ‘in Christ’ or of Christ being ‘in them’, this is not simply a way of saying that they are thinking about Christ or copying Him. They mean that Christ is actually operating through them; that the whole mass of Christians are the physical organism through which Christ acts – that we are His fingers and muscles, the cells of His body.”
St. Paul tries to explain this to the early Christians: “Now the body is not a single part but many . . .Now you are Christ’s body, and individually parts of it” (1 Cor 12:14,27). “Rather living the truth in love, we should grow in every way into him who is the head, Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every supporting ligament, with the proper functioning of each part, brings about the body’s growth and builds itself up in love.” (Eph 4:15,16). “For as in one body we have many parts, and all the parts do not have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ and individually parts of one another.” (Rom 12:4,5)
In a long discussion in the First Epistle to the Corinthians, St. Paul refers to many parts of one body – foot, hand, nose, ear, eye – and he says that each has its own particular, and necessary function. He then goes on to make his point that we are, each of us, an individual part of Christ’s body, but each of us has a particular, special, unique function, as do parts of a physical body (1 Cor 12:27-31).
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