So, somebody asked about history. This is currently what I gather is mostly the case, based on various sources on the internet. I’m ready to stand corrected by a real historian, but here goes:
After Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) sent missionaries to Britain, he sent a letter in 601 responding to a question about what to do about the pagan shrines and customs. In a change of course from past forced conversions (in which such artifacts and shrines were summarily destroyed), Gregory changed to an attitude of persuasion. In the letter, he advocated allowing the conversion of pagan temples to Christian churches, conversion of pagan observance involving animal sacrifices into Christian feasts (most pagans who sacrificed animals made a communal feast of the offerings, so the locals would have sorely missed the group “protein pig outs”, so to speak) and similar methods to ease the transition to Christianity. This first instance of the “we go into their door and they come out our door” strategy was adopted by missionaries in the wider Church, and was very successful.
Although All Saint’s Day was celebrated as early as the late 4th century, it was celebrated in the early centuries during the Easter season, which is when the Eastern churches still celebrate it (both Catholic and Orthodox). On that account, it is no mystery that some Eastern Christians who have moved to the US don’t see any connection between Halloween and Christianity at all.
The current date for the Solemnity of All Saints on the Roman calendar, November 1, was instituted by Pope Gregory III (731-741), when he consecrated a chapel to all the martyrs in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome and ordered an annual celebration. This celebration was originally only in the diocese of Rome, but Pope Gregory IV (827-844) expanded the feast to the entire Church, to be celebrated on November 1.
Therefore, I think we can conclude that the association of Celtic customs for the season with All Hallow’s Eve happened over 200 hundred years after the Church allowed the conversion of pagan traditions into Christian ones in the British Isles. IOW, turning Samhain into All Saint’s Day was definitely not a
quid pro quo for conversion of the Celtic pagans. Rather, when All Saint’s was moved to Nov. 1, the traditions of the season still existed in popular culture, since the Church had elected not to try to stamp them out, provided the practices were stripped of associations with the old religion. Naturally, then, these practices came to be used to in celebrations surrounding the holy day. It is not as if one needs a religious reason to bob for apples, carve up squash, and light candles in late October, after all. Once you’ve seen someone do it, these seem like the thing to do when you have cold weather, apples, squash, and time on your hands! If you were to get a new feast day at just that time of year, then the combination would happen almost as a matter of course. (Not that I don’t think there was some winking and nodding about how “stripped” the Irish notions of lepracauns and fairies really were from the original pagan beliefs. The new “fairytales” didn’t fall far from the old religious tree, this has to be admitted.)
As for All Soul’s Day, it was originally observed during the Easter season, as well, but by the tenth century, the celebration had been moved to various days in October, depending on the locality. Sometime in the early 11th century, St. Odilo of Cluny decreed the Nov. 2 date for all of the monasteries of his Benedictine congregation. Other Benedictines and Carthusians began to celebrate it on the same day their monasteries as well, and soon the celebration of the feast on Nov. 2 spread to the entire *Roman *Church.
As for Día de los Muertos, this was a practice among the native Mexicans that the Church was not wild about but could not stamp out. Sometimes, the locals are not going to budge. On that realization, the observance was directed to take place only in coincidence with All Saint’s Day and All Soul’s Day.
In contrast, certain Protestant denominations, especially in the colonial New England, avoided festive observance of even Christian feasts, such as Christmas, on the general principle that if the pagans did it or the Catholics do it, it is better done without. It hardly needs to be said that Halloween does not pass muster with modern-day adherents to those attitudes, either.
Having said that, the practice of converting non-Christian traditions to serve the end of Christian celebrations and of allowing pagan practices that have been stripped of their pagan religious meaning is a long long tradition in the Western Church. Whether the Eastern Church has or has ever had a similar practice–that is, picking up on use of celebratory inventions of their converts or from their neighbors, such as the Muslims–I don’t know anything about that. I couldn’t even guess.
