The telos (purpose) is that for the sake of which activity in an object occurs. Thus the telos of a cocooned caterpillar is a butterfly, the telos of an acorn is a tree, and so on. The telos is the “finished product”.
Okay, so basically telos is what will happen to something without outside intervention. Gotcha.
Would the universe be no better or worse a place, if it had no ecosystems? Isn’t an ecosystem a good thing, independent of our opinions about it?
My point was that, insofar as scientists are speaking of science, no prescriptions are made within biology. Biology doesn’t side with certain lifeforms like humans side with sports teams. If a new species eventually emerged which supplanted humans, biology would be indifferent.
In fact, biology really doesn’t make the claim that life is good. It asserts that biodiversity contributes to the stability of life on Earth, but it doesn’t state that life should exist on Earth. That’s what humans do.
Now this argument is simpler, but it’s too simple. It’s utilitarian, and that bugs me, since I think utilitarianism is just bad philosophy.
As a utilitarian myself, I think you’ve oversimplified it quite a bit here. Utilitarians are well aware of the arguments used against them, and variations of the philosophy have formed to address them.
For example, you say that it leads to wishy-washy conclusions since very few actions are ever definitively ruled out. Firstly, I think this is actually an advantage of utilitarianism. If the court systems have taught us anything, it’s that having several rules leads to endless contradictions, and ad hoc means have to used to circumvent every conflict of the rules. Having one very flexible rule is quite powerful in comparison.
In practice, most utilitarians are rule utilitarians. Rule utilitarianism advocates the following: 1) Observe how various behaviors affect happiness. 2) Prescribe rules that, if followed, would maximize happiness in most cases. 3) When the rules do not tend to maximize happiness, tweak them. In other words, you use rules, but the rules are not absolute. They are held accountable to the greatest happiness principle and must be adjusted as new data about happiness emerges. (I am also what is called a “preference utilitarian”; that is, I define happiness as preference satisfaction.)
Personally, I think the greatest happiness principle alone is sufficient for most simple cases, but when great uncertainty is involved, the prescribed rules should be used instead. I will illustrate with the rape example you brought up.
Let’s try this, Oreo. You give me an argument that rape is always wrong – which I imagine we both agree about. And then I’ll see if your argument can be used as a template for a stronger and simpler argument against homosexual acts – even if you don’t end up agreeing to the argument. At worst, we’ll be doing some interesting intellectual exercises.
Sure. Using the “naïve” version of utilitarianism you originally had in mind, you correctly predicted that I can’t say rape is wrong, on the basis of consequences, in absolutely every case. It is conceivable that the following could occur, for example: The victim has the evidence that has been left on her by her rapist tested for DNA, and during the inspection, it is discovered that she has a serious STD that the rapist didn’t give her, and it is discovered in time to treat it. More outlandish things have happened.
Now you will say that this is incredibly unlikely, and I agree. This is why, regardless of the potential payoff of rape, it’s unlikelihood makes naïve use of the greatest happiness principle risky. So we should resort to our provisional rules: Rape is usually detrimental to happiness, so I must assume beforehand that a particular case will be detrimental.
Well, if you look simply at the lives of gay men, for example, they are more likely to be promiscuous and suicidal and addicted to drugs, etc, than the rest of the population.
Correlations are flimsy things. For all we know, they may be more suicidal because of the stigma placed on them, for example. As for promiscuity, that isn’t necessarily wrong in itself by my reckoning. In fact, there is a lot of evidence that humans aren’t naturally monogamous.
So there are, as I see it, two possibilities: (1) This sort of self-destructive behavior is caused by societal stigma, or (2) This sort of self-destructive behavior is caused by homosexual activity of some sort.
Now I know the party line is #1, but I haven’t seen dramatic decreases in promiscuity/suicide/drug-addiction in places where homosexual activity is acceptable. So I think the jury’s still out. If #2 is the cause, then my argument works.
As a rule, I never use statistical correlation alone to infer causation. If it doesn’t make sense on an
a priori basis that A would cause B, and A and B are correlated, that is a sign that something deeper is going on–a lurking variable perhaps. It’s possible that the reality of the situation is highly counterintuitive, but it’s unlikely. And frankly it doesn’t make any sense that gay sex would cause misery but homosexuality by itself wouldn’t.
And of course I’m open to saying that gay sex alone may be the culprit somehow, but it seems staggeringly unlikely to me. An example they use in statistics textbooks of suspicious correlations is the correlation between ice cream sales and drowning deaths (they are correlated because they both occur frequently during summertime). To me, saying gay sex causes misery is comparable to asserting that ice cream sales contribute to drowning.