From: Dr. David P. Stern
Retired September 2001 (continuing as emeritus)
Lab for Particles and Fields,
Emeritus, retired from Lab. Extraterrest. Physics
mail code 695 (currently affiliated with code 670, Heliophysics Science Division)
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
The ancients, of course, assumed the Earth was the center of the universe and everything–Sun, Moon and stars–revolved around it. The unnamed authors of the Book of Psalms thought so and wrote so in the bible, causing great grief to poor Galileo 2000 years later. A Greek scientist, Aristarchus of Samos, seemed to support it by estimating the distance of the Moon, a result confirmed by Hipparchus some 150 years later, by a different method.
removed for space
Then came Galileo’s telescope, showing that Venus could be a crescent like the Moon, meaning it orbited the Sun, and that Jupiter was the center of a disk of little moons, the way Copernicus visualized all planets, even Earth, to orbit the Sun. That convinced most people. Then came Newton and derived his law of gravitation, using the Moon . His law suggested that if the Sun and other bodies rotated around the Earth, the gravity of the Earth was far too weak to hold them (plus other objections). That was the clincher: the laws of Newton’s mechanics (which we still use) did not allow geocentrism. Since then of course much more evidence arrived–satellites, Earth observations from the Moon, etc.
’That was the clincher: the laws of Newton’s mechanics (which we still use) did not allow geocentrism.'
The fact is that Newton’s theory was not that convincing.
‘Even at a date far within our own nineteenth century, the authorities of many universities in Catholic Europe, and especially those in Spain, excluded the Newtonian system. In 1771, the greatest of them all, the University of Salamanca, being urged to teach physical science, refused, making answer as follows: “Newton teaches nothing that would make a good logician or metaphysician; and Gassendi and Descartes do not agree so well with revealed truth as Aristotle does.” ’ — White, A History of the war between Faith and Science , p. 155.
Newtonianism as a Belief System
‘Formal logicians, I believe, would tell us that by their rules the heliocentric system of the solar system is not proved to a demonstr¬ation. Yet no one doubts that explanation anymore than anybody doubts the truth of gravitation, though physicists are still unable to show what causes the results which are described under the name.’ — Sir Bertram Windle, The Church and Science, Catholic Truth Society, p.48.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century then, as Sir Bertram Windle has to admit here, the fact is that there was no empirical nor ‘logical’ proof, ‘demonstration’ or verification of a moving earth or an immobile sun. Windle, and Dr Stern above, as we can read, tries to get us to believe heliocentricism is true because ‘the truth of gravitation’ is true. What he says is that because apples fall to the ground then we must accept heliocentricism is true? Can you believe Newtonianism triumphed on earth on the basis of such a farce? But how well they succeeded in making believers out of us all. Newton proved nothing, this we must understand. Deducing some maths that can measure some earthly gravitation and even get rockets into orbit is a long way off showing that the earth supposedly orbits the sun. Both Catholics and Protestants then, who held out, even for a time, from this ‘demonstration’, as Andrew White called it, were far more discerning of the scientific method than those who hailed Principia as the breakthrough the Freemasons of the Royal Society sought. But truth will out:
‘After Newton’s 1687 masterpiece, the Principia, Copernicanism seemed assured, and I admit; it is difficult not to be taken captive by the harmonious simplicity of a sun at rest with her attendant planets stately circling her. Yet a few level-headed people, like the philosopher George Berkely (1685-1753) and G.W. Leibniz (1646-1716), instinctively refused to consider the Solar System “proven” by setting it off against a background taken to be at rest.’ —Walter van der Kamp: The Cosmos, Einstein and Truth, Private, 1993
Now it is one thing for the Royal Society and its like-minded institutions pushing the non-proofs for heliocentricism as proven facts, another for Churchmen to accept them as the truth, a reality that the Scriptures must adjust to. We must see that? Those ‘laws’ of Newton’s, which settled the matter for so many, never came within an ass’s roar as a threat to the Church’s definitive ruling of 1616 and 1633. If there are any lingering doubts we can quote the words of the late Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), an atheist, lest anyone thinks we have conjured up a traditionalist theist for our cause:
‘Whether the earth rotates once a day from West to East as Copernicus taught, or the Heavens revolve once a day from East to West, as his predecessors believed, the observable phenomena will be exactly the same… and that shows a defect in Newtonian dynamics, since an emp¬irical science ought not to contain a metaphysical assumption which can never be proved or disproved by observation.’ — Quoted by D.W. Sciama: The Unity of the Universe. Doubleday, 1961, pp.103.
‘I have known too, for a long time that we have no argument for the Copernican system, but I shall never dare to be the first to attack it. Don’t rush into the wasps’ nest. You will bring upon yourself the scorn of the thoughtless multitude…to come forth as the first against opinions, which the world has become fond of – I don’t feel the courage.’ — Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859).