There are no more pagans, as history knew them. In the modern Western context paganism is a product of the modern culture, not the culture of “neopaganism” a product of the real pagans of history. And? I’m not sure I understand your last sentence. I’ve never claimed that neopaganism is a direct result of ancient pagan culture, or that the two are exactly the same. Ancient pagan culture is a MODEL for neopaganism, in much the same way as ancient Greek democracy was a model for American democracy-obviously, Athenian democracy failed horribly, so we’d be completely stupid to try and replicate that exactly. That doesn’t mean they didn’t have good ideas that were worthy of respect.
Pagan philosophers like Plato openly advocated state manipulation of their holy things, be they writings or worship forms, to serve the political age. Can you show me where Plato says anything of the sort? I’ve read most of his works, and I certainly didn’t take this from them. In The Trial and Death of Socrates, he makes a point of CRITICIZING the state for persecuting the philosophers who disagreed with the common thought. He was arguing FOR the freedom of thought and action, not against it. Men were, ultimately, the real “gods,” and those who held, acquired and maintained political power were seen as worthy to determine religion. Again, give me a source for this. At no time in Ancient Greece was religion controlled by the state. By the culture, by society, certainly, but never by the state. They had laws specifically against this sort of thing. Paganism respected power. This teaching was neither censured nor rebuked. There were no riots when pagan philosophers claimed this. No martyrs on behalf of paganism ever resulted. In fact, the “martyrs” of paganism were the pagan philosophers who declared such things, and were punished by the State (what everyone knows but no one says). What you just said is a contradiction. “There were no riots when the pagan philosophers taught, but they were still killed?” If the pagan philosophers respected and taught that those in power should determine religion, then why would the STATE of all things punish them? Let’s not forget that the jury that condemned Socrates of “corrupting the youth of Athens” was a council of over 500 men, all citizens, all chosen by lottery- 500 men who very seriously opposed him and sentenced him to death for teaching his ideas (which were, in fact, consistent with pagan thought at the time). Athens didn’t HAVE a singular ruler- most city states didn’t. To put it bluntly, even historical accounts of pagan belief and ritual is not necessarily accurate or true to itself, for we know what pagans believed in regards to their own religions. Again, a contradiction. Historical accounts of their beliefs aren’t accurate, because we know what they believed? How, per se, do you know what they believed, if not for historical accounts? You, like us, have only a best guess. We, however, have taken that best guess and TRIED it, to see if it did actually work. When it did, we kept doing it. When it didn’t, we discarded it. We wouldn’t worship the way we do if we weren’t getting results from it. It was seen as a means to man’s ends, and if a clever man did just that, he was praised for it, by his contemporaries and by their prodigy. I think the real “oddity” about paganism was that it was, at least, honest insomuch as it realized it was but a veil at best for the true divine: truths could be gleamed from time to time from it, as if almost by accident, but the beliefs, rituals and lore was not necessarily accurate or even sound for doctrines, except in the case of rules for military discipline and rule, which proved quite fruitful in the case of the Romans and the Greeks, though the victims of their success may not have appreciated it. Again, give me a source for this. Tell me exactly how you KNOW the motivations of the pagans in that era- particularly in Greece and Rome, where most worship took place in Mystery Cults–which we have almost NO information on. They were, after all, a mystery. The point is, paganism had no doctrines, and saw no need for them. We still see no need for doctrine. Personally, I still subscribe to that old pagan philosophical belief that we cannot truly KNOW anything at all, we can only guess. To me, subscribing to an absolute, unchanging doctrine is to set yourself up for destruction, because you are unable to recognize a more correct guess when you see it.
Paganism was a filler for man’s religious appetite. Its lack of authority permitted and perhaps even encouraged the development of Western philosophy (it could even be argued that philosophy was a necessary supplement for paganism, which failed to provide consistent or objective truths). Philosophy was a result of the Greek and Roman wealthy to spend their time. Seriously. They had nothing better to do, so started thinking about thought, belief, the universe, metaphysics, you name it. That’s how mathematics came about, too. Paganism was as much a filler for man’s religious appetite as Christianity was.