I have to go to bed so addressing individual questions can wait, but I would like to take it down to the basic nature of your questions for now:
- Why have a faith at all, what purpose does it serve in our lives?
Even if I died and found that God didn’t exist I would not regret my faith. Catholicism adds a cultural richness, and world-wide family structure to my life. Faith and prayer add stability, contentment, joy, and hope. Yes I am willing to acknowledge that it is possible that I am wrong, after all many other faiths could make similar claims and some without faith at all may be more at peace than I am. However faith, isn’t about being 100% assured of something, it is about hoping for something greater. Almost all people use some combination of drugs, sex, romance, philosophy, patriotism, family, friends and/or alcohol to help enhance their life and I just happen to be a person who has faith as part of his personal mix. It isn’t the easiest thing to understand, and even among those who proclaim some sort of faith, many don’t really grasp it since they haven’t truly explored it. Understanding why people have faith is something that more often then not is going to require personal experience with a real faith or witnessing what a strong individual gains through their faith.
Or more simply put:
If a higher power does exist then answer of faith is obvious, we are drawn to it.
If a higher power doesn’t exist then the answer is still not that different than explaining why someone invests themselves in a sport, hobby, or lifestyle.
- Why Catholicism specifically. A very long question, but as far a Christianity is concerned Catholicism has history on its side (oldest, and most consistent teachings) and some of the best educated and well credited theologians in the world. By strict academic standards it is a much more reputable institution at least. As for the question of why Christianity it just tends to have the most fervent and freeing philosophy, while still maintaining a solid structure. It is a faith that requires one to change but for the sake of love rather than submission. I realize that was very general but addressing individual faiths would be tedious and this is already taking more time than I had hoped.
3.Scientific conflicts.
Catholicism does not have conflicts with modern scientific theories such as evolution, and it never issued any official teachings against evolution, and even around 400 AD St. Augustine wrote about the idea of creation being a metaphorical account and that the Church should be open to the possibility of new discoveries conflicting with the creation narrative. Likewise despite what some members of internet communities would have you believe the Church has almost always supported science and its discoveries, and even reading Wikipedia articles will reveal this. The only real instance of the Church messing with the work of scientists was the Galileo controversy and if you read up on that you will find that the Church still commissioned a book from him arguing his theories and that most of the problems came from Galileo being an unfortunate casualty of political conflicts rather than being ousted for his science.
The only real examples of the church “slowing” scientific progress are cases in which immoral actions are involved such as medical testing on people in mental institutions, or test that require the material of aborted children, and I would say that is easy to understand. The church’s policy is to form rules on the morality of discoveries, while believing that finding new information about the universe should always be encouraged since understanding of creation will only draw us closer to understanding God.
- Issues regarding certain morals.
My best friend is gay, I do not think he is less of a person or that he is incapable of having a loving relationship. The Church also does not believe that homosexuals are incapable of loving or are less worthy/broken human beings. The belief is simply that Catholics are obliged to following a thing called “natural law” which is a reflection of a higher divine nature that exists in the souls of the faithful. Prohibitions of things like homosexual sex, masturbation, pre-marital sex, and artificial birth control should be viewed as something similar to the Jews prohibition against eating pork. Following natural law is a practice for the faithful to be encouraged by the faithful. The idea is not to have people embrace the law and then Christ, but to come to Christ and through him have a desire to embrace God’s natural law.
Yes there are Catholics out there who will openly state things like “all the gays need to stop being gay”, but that is a symptom of being badly catechized and growing up in a society that doesn’t have the most loving of attitudes towards homosexuals.
I won’t deny that our faith is restrictive in some aspects, especially in regards to sexuality and gender roles, but the goal of these restrictions is not to cause harm. We are living a faith the believes eternal life begins today, and strive towards the goals of being living saints, in essence all are called to make sacrifices in regards to some of their worldly desires and some sacrifices are just a little bit harder for some.