Pope Francis denounces ‘trickle-down’ economic theories in critique of inequality

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The bottom 50% of this country pay little to no taxes and are the ones who make-up the vast amounts receiving government benefits.
Your statement is true. It speaks to the enormous shift of wealth from the middle class to the rich that has left so many earning so little. This number is a sad commentary on our culture of greed. We need to shift the wealth back with fair economic policies that favor each person equally. Hopefully, Catholics who are bound to lift up the poor and to seek justice for all people will forge the way. The US has created an economic environment that creates poverty and punishes people for being poor. This can change and hopefully we will lead the way.
 
Pope Paul VI
“‘He who has the goods of this world and sees his brother in need and closes his heart to him, how does the love of God abide in him?’ Everyone knows that the Fathers of the Church laid down the duty of the rich toward the poor in no uncertain terms. As St. Ambrose put it: ‘You are not making a gift of what is yours to the poor man, but you are giving him back what is his.’ You have been appropriating things that are meant to be for the common use of everyone. The earth belongs to everyone, not to the rich. These words indicate that the right to private property is not absolute and unconditional.”

** “No one may appropriate surplus goods solely for his own private use when others lack the bare necessities of life.** In short, ‘as the Fathers of the Church and other eminent theologians tell us, the right of private property may never be exercised to the detriment of the common good.’ When ‘private gain and basic community needs conflict with one another,’ it is for the public authorities ‘to seek a solution to these questions, with the active involvement of individual citizens and social groups.’

Pope John Paul II
“More and more, in many countries of America, a system known as neoliberalism prevails; based on a purely economic conception of man, this system considers profit and the law of the market as its only parameters, to the detriment of the dignity of and the respect due to individuals and peoples. At times this system has become the ideological justification for certain attitudes and behavior in the social and political spheres leading to the neglect of the weaker members of society. Indeed, the poor are becoming ever more numerous, victims of specific policies and structures which are often unjust.”
Code:
“It is necessary to state once more the characteristic principle of Christian social doctrine: **the goods of this world are originally meant for all. The right to private property is valid and necessary, but it does not nullify the value of this principle. Private property, in fact, is under a ‘social mortgage,’ **which means that it has an intrinsically social function, based upon and justified precisely by the principle of the universal destination of goods .”
Pope Benedict XVI
“Today’s international economic scene, marked by grave deviations and failures, requires a profoundly new way of understanding business enterprise…The conviction that the economy must be autonomous, that it must be shielded from ‘influences’ of a moral character, has led man to abuse the economic process in a thoroughly destructive way…in the long term, these convictions have led to economic, social and political systems that trample upon personal and social freedom, and are therefore unable to deliver the justice that they promise.

Matthew 6:24
“No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.

Luke 12:33
Sell your possessions, and give to the needy. Provide yourselves with moneybags that do not grow old, with a treasure in the heavens that does not fail, where no thief approaches and no moth destroys.
 
Here’s a good article on the psychology of wealth & social status. When we feel that we are better off than others, we become less compassionate. It helps explain why so many people feel are reluctant to further assist the poor and sick in the US. Here’s a snippet from the article. Hope you read it.

“In a second study, participants were asked to watch two videos while having their heart rate monitored. One video showed somebody explaining how to build a patio. The other showed children who were suffering from cancer. After watching the videos, participants indicated how much compassion they felt while watching either video. Social class was measured by asking participants questions about their family’s level of income and education. The results of the study showed that participants on the lower end of the spectrum, with less income and education, were more likely to report feeling compassion while watching the video of the cancer patients. In addition, their heart rates slowed down while watching the cancer video—a response that is associated with paying greater attention to the feelings and motivations of others.”

scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-wealth-reduces-compassion
 
Your statement is true. It speaks to the enormous shift of wealth from the middle class to the rich that has left so many earning so little. This number is a sad commentary on our culture of greed. We need to shift the wealth back with fair economic policies that favor each person equally. Hopefully, Catholics who are bound to lift up the poor and to seek justice for all people will forge the way. The US has created an economic environment that creates poverty and punishes people for being poor. This can change and hopefully we will lead the way.
No, the US has created an economic environment that punishes success and rewards inactivity. The rich are taxed at a rate much higher than the middle and lower classes - who largely don’t pay income taxes. And the capital gains taxes are like taxing people who create jobs - not a good policy. And please understand, PeopleB4Things, that one doesn’t need to be wealthy to be greedy. One can see greed on display every time someone collects an entitlement who doesn’t deserve it; who collects unemployment but doesn’t search for work; who collects food stamps but doesn’t need them. What do you make of poor folks who spend their spare money on Lotto tickets, hoping to strike it rich? Is it greed or are they planning to give half of it to the poor if they win? No. greed exists at all levels.

Also, if you think that “shifting the wealth back” is any kind of sound economic policy and would remotely help anyone, you don’t understand economics. While it might make you feel better, merely redistributing wealth will create a dependent class and make the poor worse off.
Catholics need to lift up the poor through charity. This, along with a robust economy with lots of opportunity will help lift up the ones who truly want to work and improve their lives.

Ishii
 
No, the US has created an economic environment that punishes success and rewards inactivity. The rich are taxed at a rate much higher than the middle and lower classes - who largely don’t pay income taxes. And the capital gains taxes are like taxing people who create jobs - not a good policy. And please understand, PeopleB4Things, that one doesn’t need to be wealthy to be greedy. One can see greed on display every time someone collects an entitlement who doesn’t deserve it; who collects unemployment but doesn’t search for work; who collects food stamps but doesn’t need them. What do you make of poor folks who spend their spare money on Lotto tickets, hoping to strike it rich? Is it greed or are they planning to give half of it to the poor if they win? No. greed exists at all levels.

Also, if you think that “shifting the wealth back” is any kind of sound economic policy and would remotely help anyone, you don’t understand economics. While it might make you feel better, merely redistributing wealth will create a dependent class and make the poor worse off.
Catholics need to lift up the poor through charity. This, along with a robust economy with lots of opportunity will help lift up the ones who truly want to work and improve their lives.

Ishii
Please refer to the study I mentioned in another comment in this thread. It explains how people who perceive themselves as better off will take on a persona of entitlement. This is bolstered by recent studies that showed that an advancement in socio-economic class or in social hierarchy usually corresponds to a decrease in neurological mirroring. We are called on as Catholics to avoid the sin of entitlement and materialism. We are called not to judge others but to assist those who need help. 83% of SNAP (food stamps) benefits paid out each year go to homes with children, elderly and the disabled. 91% of SNAP benefits go to those making under $19,350/yr for a family of 3. Only 57% of food insecure people are eligible for food stamps.That leaves a lot of people with no consistent or reliable food assistance. SNAP recipients get on average $1.50/per meal in assistance. Can you live on that everyday? Food stamp fraud is 1%, one of the lowest of all govt programs including Medicare.

I work with the indigent as a state contracted employee. We assist the most vulnerable among us everyday on shoe-string budgets. Services to the poor are often short term and inconsistent. People must fend for themselves to find food and housing (wait list for low cost housing in avg 3-7years) since services are not enough to cover basic needs. I’ve seen people do some pretty horrible, even criminal things to just stay alive. Anyone who has worked directly with the poor knows what I’m talking about. To think that most of these people are lazy or are gaming the system is an erroneous assumption based on armchair analysis. Do the hard work and spend a year helping the poor hands on, not just donating money or helping an hour or two a week at a shelter. Get in there and get to know these people, their families, their hopes, their struggles, their successes. Only then can your turn your judgmental assumptions into knowledgeable assessments. And I’ll guarantee you that you’ll have a different look on things.

Also, please review the quotes from previous popes (also a comment in this thread). They discuss our acquisition of personal property (land, TVs, etc) as it relates to the poor.

BTW, I used to teach high school social studies including Macro Economics.
 
Please refer to the study I mentioned in another comment in this thread. It explains how people who perceive themselves as better off will take on a persona of entitlement. This is bolstered by recent studies that showed that an advancement in socio-economic class or in social hierarchy usually corresponds to a decrease in neurological mirroring. We are called on as Catholics to avoid the sin of entitlement and materialism. We are called not to judge others but to assist those who need help. 83% of SNAP (food stamps) benefits paid out each year go to homes with children, elderly and the disabled. 91% of SNAP benefits go to those making under $19,350/yr for a family of 3. Only 57% of food insecure people are eligible for food stamps.That leaves a lot of people with no consistent or reliable food assistance. SNAP recipients get on average $1.50/per meal in assistance. Can you live on that everyday? Food stamp fraud is 1%, one of the lowest of all govt programs including Medicare.
I don’t know. I do know that the food stamp recipients in my state routinely buy flat screen TV’s and take trips to Hawaii. They also make more than 6 figures. (all real examples that I witnessed).
I work with the indigent as a state contracted employee. We assist the most vulnerable among us everyday on shoe-string budgets. Services to the poor are often short term and inconsistent. People must fend for themselves to find food and housing (wait list for low cost housing in avg 3-7years) since services are not enough to cover basic needs. I’ve seen people do some pretty horrible, even criminal things to just stay alive. Anyone who has worked directly with the poor knows what I’m talking about. To think that most of these people are lazy or are gaming the system is an erroneous assumption based on armchair analysis. Do the hard work and spend a year helping the poor hands on, not just donating money or helping an hour or two a week at a shelter. Get in there and get to know these people, their families, their hopes, their struggles, their successes. Only then can your turn your judgmental assumptions into knowledgeable assessments. And I’ll guarantee you that you’ll have a different look on things.
Get to know the frauds as well, PeopleB4Things, and you will understand how people who “game the system” make it worse for those who really need the help. I am not for denying help to those in need. However, the programs as they are set up currently are feeding an entitlement mentality and preventing people from taking responsibility for their own actions.
Also, please review the quotes from previous popes (also a comment in this thread). They discuss our acquisition of personal property (land, TVs, etc) as it relates to the poor.
And many in the class of people regarded as “poor” have those properties: flat screen TV’s, smart phones, SUV’s, etc. They have more material things, high tech gadgets, and modern conveniences that would make a wealthy man from the 50’s look like a pauper. They are gaming the system and taking money away from those who need it.
BTW, I used to teach high school social studies including Macro Economics.
Good for you. You should get out in the real world and open your eyes. We need a safety net for those who can’t help themselves, or those who need help temporarily to get back on to their feet. What we don’t need is a trampoline for the permanent entitlement class that never rises out of their poverty status. If you really cared about them you’d want them to have opportunities rather than handouts.

Ishii
 
CrossofChrist, in your post #1001 you very clearly imply that because of the “moral implications” of America’s “trickle-down” economic system, Pope Francis was able to issue his condemnation in section 54 of Evangelii Gaudium. In other words, you are saying that he was not bound by the following Church teaching and prohibition against engaging in politics:

QUOTE
Section 424 of the Compendium
Although the Church and the political community both manifest themselves in visible organizational structures, they are by nature different because of their configuration and because of the ends they pursue. The Second Vatican Council solemnly reaffirmed that, “in their proper spheres, the political community and the Church are mutually independent and self-governing”.[867] The Church is organized in ways that are suitable to meet the spiritual needs of the faithful, while the different political communities give rise to relationships and institutions that are at the service of everything that is part of the temporal common good. The autonomy and independence of these two realities is particularly evident with regards to their ends.
The duty to respect religious freedom requires that the political community guarantee the Church the space needed to carry out her mission. For her part, the Church has no particular area of competence concerning the structures of the political community: “The Church respects thelegitimate autonomy of the democratic order and is not entitled to express preferences for this or that institutional or constitutional solution”,[868] nor does it belong to her to enter into questions of the merit of political programmes, except as concerns their religious or moral implications. END QUOTE

Do you really believe that the “moral implications” inherent in the American system were the pope’s target?

Others, of course, might agree:

“On Tuesday, he showed a willingness to use tough language in attacking what he views as the excesses of capitalism. Using a phrase [trickle-down] with special resonance in the United States, he strongly criticized an economic theory — often affiliated with conservatives — that discourages taxation and regulation.” washingtonpost.com/business/economy/pope-francis-denounces-trickle-down-economic-theories-in-critique-of-inequality/2013/11/26/e17ffe4e-56b6-11e3-8304-caf30787c0a9_story.html?hpid=z1

“The message on poverty sets Pope Francis on a collision course with neo-liberal Catholic thought, especially in the United States,” said[Italian theologian Massimo Faggioli] , an expert on the Second Vatican Council and reform in the Catholic Church." reuters.com/article/2013/11/26/us-pope-document-idUSBRE9AP0EQ20131126
 
I don’t know. I do know that the food stamp recipients in my state routinely buy flat screen TV’s and take trips to Hawaii. They also make more than 6 figures. (all real examples that I witnessed).

Get to know the frauds as well, PeopleB4Things, and you will understand how people who “game the system” make it worse for those who really need the help. I am not for denying help to those in need. However, the programs as they are set up currently are feeding an entitlement mentality and preventing people from taking responsibility for their own actions.

And many in the class of people regarded as “poor” have those properties: flat screen TV’s, smart phones, SUV’s, etc. They have more material things, high tech gadgets, and modern conveniences that would make a wealthy man from the 50’s look like a pauper. They are gaming the system and taking money away from those who need it.

Good for you. You should get out in the real world and open your eyes. We need a safety net for those who can’t help themselves, or those who need help temporarily to get back on to their feet. What we don’t need is a trampoline for the permanent entitlement class that never rises out of their poverty status. If you really cared about them you’d want them to have opportunities rather than handouts.

Ishii
I am out in the real world working with the poor everyday and I know that 99% of the poor are not lazy and cheaters. Many people have no clue about the lives of the poor. They make assumptions from the ease and comfort of their living rooms. They hear anecdotes of cheaters from family and friends and think they know what they are talking about. I understand their ignorance and desire to denigrate others to raise their own status. It’s human nature as described by those studies I mentioned. But I don’t agree with the behavior and believe we can overcome our desire to maintain a social hierarchy with education and hands-on experiences. All people are equal in the eyes of God. You and I are no better than the child living out of a car or the man who lives in the streets.

I worked with a single mom of 2 teenaged boys who lost her job because she stole $ to feed her kids. Her kids were put into foster care until she was out of jail. She got out and the state required her to have a job and home before she could get her kids back. She complied and it was agreed upon that she would take 6 months to establish her household before taking back the boys. She could visit them at their foster homes. Her 13 YO was in a good home. Her 15 YO was in an okay home. He was depressed and the foster family was having a hard time dealing with his mental health condition. Before the 6 months was up, before mom could establish herself, the 15YO attempted suicide. He was hospitalized for 2 weeks. The state asked her to take her kids back immediately. She wasn’t ready. Her son lost his healthcare because of an error and the mom was not able to afford her son’s meds when he was released from the hospital. She called social services and they told her that her job working at a hair salon made her ineligible for services, but they sent her a $25 gift card to a grocery store to help out. They also told her that her son was being re-enrolled and that she should pay for the meds herself somehow and submit a claim. It would take about 6 weeks to get him back on the rolls. The mom was desperate. She did a false return at work to get the money to pay for the meds. She was caught. The salon was going to work it out with her saying that she was a hard working, committed employee. However, the state prosecuted because it was her 2nd offense & she was on probation. I talked with her case worker and was told that she really felt for this mom but that her hands were tied. I talked with the children’s court appointed advocate who said that mom and kids had strong bonds, that they loved each other very much and were suffering due to their separation from each other. You may see her as a thief or a cheater especially if you didn’t know the whole story. I see her as a desperate mom way over her head and in need of help, not jail.

This is a real story. Many realities like this are playing out everyday in communities everyday. Yet all people can see are the 1% of cheaters. Sad commentary on America. Even worse when Catholics make excuses for their apathy. It’s not charity when we give to the poor. It’s our duty.

“St. John Chrysostom vigorously recalls: ‘Not to enable the poor to share in our goods is
to steal from them and deprive them of life.** The goods we possess are not ours, but
theirs.’** The demands of justice must be satisfied first of all; **that which is already due in justice is not to be offered as a gift of charity.” **

–Catechism of the Catholic Church
 
CrossofChrist, in your post #1001 you very clearly imply that because of the “moral implications” of America’s “trickle-down” economic system, Pope Francis was able to issue his condemnation in section 54 of Evangelii Gaudium. In other words, you are saying that he was not bound by the following Church teaching and prohibition against engaging in politics:
I don’t think the Pope was only referencing America. He isn’t writing for America, but for the world.

Anyway, I sense you wouldn’t think that the Pope was meddling in political matters that it shouldn’t be involved in if the Pope wrote this:

In this context, some people continue to defend redistributionist theories which assume that wealth redistribution, encouraged by a benevolent state, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding political power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing political system. Meanwhile, the excluded are still waiting. To sustain a lifestyle which excludes others, or to sustain enthusiasm for that selfish ideal, a globalization of indifference has developed. Almost without being aware of it, we end up being incapable of feeling compassion at the outcry of the poor, weeping for other people’s pain, and feeling a need to help them, as though all this were someone else’s responsibility and not our own. The culture of prosperity deadens us; we are thrilled if the state offers us something new to receive. In the meantime all those lives stunted for lack of opportunity seem a mere spectacle; they fail to move us.

Not that I support the above. But the Pope is critiquing abuses in capitalism and individualism and has every right to, just as he has every right to critique statism and socialism.
Do you really believe that the “moral implications” inherent in the American system were the pope’s target?
I think his words were targeted at the injustices prevalent in today’s economy, both in America and especially worldwide.
“The message on poverty sets Pope Francis on a collision course with neo-liberal Catholic thought, especially in the United States,” said[Italian theologian Massimo Faggioli] , an expert on the Second Vatican Council and reform in the Catholic Church." reuters.com/article/2013/11/26/us-pope-document-idUSBRE9AP0EQ20131126
This is seems accurate though; neoliberalism has been attacked by previous Popes as well.
 
I think what the pope is doing is simply telling us that we each need to examine the way we live our lives and he is leading by example.

So far what I have taken from what I have read (after filtering out the liberal spin from the media)…

The pope has said that he cannot judge the hearts of others, even those that don’t believe.

The pope has said that abortion is against the church teaching.

The pope has said that we each have an obligation to help the poor.

All of this is Church teaching. I think he is challenging each of us to look inside ourselves and live more Christlike.
 
I don’t know. I do know that the food stamp recipients in my state routinely buy flat screen TV’s and take trips to Hawaii. They also make more than 6 figures. (all real examples that I witnessed).
Okay, give me a real world example. Describe one of these families? What are their financial circumstances? What are their sources of income and how much (monthly, including cash paying services and any employment)? If working, what jobs do they hold and where? What is their housing situation like? Where do they live (community or neighborhood, not actual address)? How many people in the family? How many kids? Any vets or disabled? What services are they receiving and at what levels? With this basic info (no personal identifiers, please), we can better discuss one of the cheating families that you know personally. Without this most basic info, we can’t really know what’s going on with this family and anything we assume would be unfounded.

Let’s say you are a widow with 3 kids. You lose your job of 15 years with a company during the recession. You get another job thanks to a friend but it has no healthcare and only pays half of what you were making. You lose childcare because you can’t afford it any longer and that puts a crimp on the hours you can work. You’re struggling. You go on food stamps and you visit your local food bank. You’re about to lose your home and you’re under water. You go to the grocery store in your leather jacket that your husband bought for you ten years ago before his death, when things were good. You’re also wearing your 1.5 carat engagement ring which you wear in honor of your husband. The people behind you see your attire and make assumptions about you. Look, she’s got a rock on her hand and is wearing a $500 jacket and she’s using food stamps! People make this type of judgement everyday totally unaware of what’s really going on. It’s all very sad the way we treat the vulnerable around us.
 
This is a real story. Many realities like this are playing out everyday in communities everyday. Yet all people can see are the 1% of cheaters. Sad commentary on America. Even worse when Catholics make excuses for their apathy. It’s not charity when we give to the poor. It’s our duty.
I agree but the trick is to get it to the poor without the corporate rich dudes and politicians hoarding most of it. Do you know how much money they pay to advertise those commercials and to call people?
 
I don’t think the Pope was only referencing America. He isn’t writing for America, but for the world.

Anyway, I sense you wouldn’t think that the Pope was meddling in political matters that it shouldn’t be involved in if the Pope wrote this:

In this context, some people continue to defend redistributionist theories which assume that wealth redistribution, encouraged by a benevolent state, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding political power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing political system. Meanwhile, the excluded are still waiting. To sustain a lifestyle which excludes others, or to sustain enthusiasm for that selfish ideal, a globalization of indifference has developed. Almost without being aware of it, we end up being incapable of feeling compassion at the outcry of the poor, weeping for other people’s pain, and feeling a need to help them, as though all this were someone else’s responsibility and not our own. The culture of prosperity deadens us; we are thrilled if the state offers us something new to receive. In the meantime all those lives stunted for lack of opportunity seem a mere spectacle; they fail to move us.

Not that I support the above. But the Pope is critiquing abuses in capitalism and individualism and has every right to, just as he has every right to critique statism and socialism.

I think his words were targeted at the injustices prevalent in today’s economy, both in America and especially worldwide.

This is seems accurate though; neoliberalism has been attacked by previous Popes as well.
Well, my friend, I was hoping that I was misunderstanding your ideology, but I was not. You really don’t see any difference between the morality (immorality) of the American system and the rest of the world. And you think the pope feels the same.
Too bad.
 
I agree but the trick is to get it to the poor without the corporate rich dudes and politicians hoarding most of it. Do you know how much money they pay to advertise those commercials and to call people?
It’s amazing at what we decide to spend money on these days. I’m not my dad, longing for the good old days. I can appreciate the advancement of technology and medicine and never harken for the days of yesteryear. However, I do find the current state of our economy very unnerving. The natural course of unregulated capitalism eventually leads to the private ownership of resources by a few. Regulations that help maintain a level playing field are being whittled away by deregulation efforts. Capitalism is only good for citizens if there is competition. If we allow companies to win their competitions, to beat out their competitors, the market choices shrink. And that negatively affects people both as employees and as consumers. To put it simply, we can never let our economic system grow up. We need to keep it youthful and competitive. And one of the best ways to stunt its maturity is through regulation.

Some fixes are so simple, like taking corporate and PAC money out of campaigns. This will allow voters more options and will keep the rich power mongers from dominating our government. Others fixes are more complex. The frustrating thing however, is that there are answers… if we only had the will to implement them.
 
Well, my friend, I was hoping that I was misunderstanding your ideology, but I was not.
What were you hoping for? 🙂
You really don’t see any difference between the morality (immorality) of the American system and the rest of the world.
That’s only partially true. Our (local) economy is much more moral than what happens in SE Asia, or in countries like Cuba/Korea.
Why is that? 🙂
 
I don’t know. I do know that the food stamp recipients in my state routinely buy flat screen TV’s and take trips to Hawaii. They also make more than 6 figures. (all real examples that I witnessed).

Get to know the frauds as well, PeopleB4Things, and you will understand how people who “game the system” make it worse for those who really need the help. I am not for denying help to those in need. However, the programs as they are set up currently are feeding an entitlement mentality and preventing people from taking responsibility for their own actions.

And many in the class of people regarded as “poor” have those properties: flat screen TV’s, smart phones, SUV’s, etc. They have more material things, high tech gadgets, and modern conveniences that would make a wealthy man from the 50’s look like a pauper. They are gaming the system and taking money away from those who need it.

Good for you. You should get out in the real world and open your eyes. We need a safety net for those who can’t help themselves, or those who need help temporarily to get back on to their feet. What we don’t need is a trampoline for the permanent entitlement class that never rises out of their poverty status. If you really cared about them you’d want them to have opportunities rather than handouts.

Ishii
It sounds as if he’s BEEN out there in the “real” world, I s h I I , with eyes wide open. And IMHO, I think it’s pretty unfair to characterize him as somebody who doesn’t care. I think it’s just ideology he doesn’t care about.
 
Why is it so difficult for government program apologists to admit there is fraud and corruption in these programs?

Are people really so worried about damaging the credibility of their favourite politicians, because we all need to be aware the writing is on the wall.
 
Why is it so difficult for government program apologists to admit there is fraud and corruption in these programs?

Are people really so worried about damaging the credibility of their favourite politicians, because we all need to be aware the writing is on the wall.
True. There is fraud and deceit in the government just like there’s fraud and deceit in our church. Just as our popes have apologized for past and current wrongful behaviors of our parishioners and religious leaders, so too should those in other organizations admit their wrong doings. We should all try to work and live on a level playing field where everyone plays to their own abilities and everyone has a chance to succeed. We are all sinners. We all have a chance to repent and learn from our experiences.
 
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