I’m sorry for sticking my nose in this, but as I was reading about this whole ting about roles I’m reminded of three very influential Catholic women in their own time and circle.
- Catherine of Siena was a lay woman, not a religious and not a man. She was a theologian, a spiritual director and an ambassador within the Church. She later became one of the first two women Doctors of the Church, a role that was traditionally a male role.
- Dr. Maria Montessori was a the first Italian woman to become a physician. She was a faithful Catholic and it was her faith that drove her to the slums where her patients were lacking a proper education and she created the Montesori school system.
- Mother Teresa’s successor, Sister Nirhmala was sent by Mother Teresa to study law after she became a Missionary of Charity. She graduated with a law degree and a Master’s Degree in Sociology, traditional male roles.
Thousands of religious sisters educated our young people at Catholic Colleges. They were PhD’s in science, mathematics, philosophy, humanities, theology and other disciplines. Without them, many young Catholics in many countries would not have received an academic education, because they were poor and often discriminated against, especially if they were black, Native American or women.
The Catholic Church has promoted the autonomy of women since the time of St. Benedict and maybe earlier.
As to veils, keep in mind that St. Vincent de Paul forbade veils when he wrote the statutes of the Daughters of Charity in the 1700s. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton wore her hair exposed and only wore a widow’s cap when she went out, because she was a widow, not because she was a religious. The Missionary Sisters of the Most Holy Trinity never had a veil or a coif. Their hair was always exposed and they were founded and received Pontifical Rights in the first half of the 20th century. They wore a hat for mass, like any other lay women, because that was in the Canon Law of 1917. It was not in canon law during other periods of Church history.
When Francis and Clare of Assisi founded the Poor Clares it was considered immodest for women not to wear stockings. However, the Poor Clares did not wear shoes or stockings until the 1700s. 500 years after they were founded. Neither did the Discalced Carmelite nuns.
The Maryknoll Sisters and the Medical Mission Sisters were founded as medical communities. To this day, the Medical Mission Sisters are all pharmacists, physicians, lab technicians, hospital administrators, financial administrators, benefits coordinators, hospital social workers and some nurses. These were traditionally male roles. The Church approved them and gave them Pontifical Right.
The Alexian Brothers, the Brothers of St. John of God and the Brothers of the Good Shepherd were all males. They were founded as communities of nurses. To this day, that’s what they do, nursing. These were traditional female roles.
Why is this possible in the Church? Because the Holy See is the final authority and interpretor of Holy Scripture. You can’t take a biblical citation and use it as you wish or take it and use it as a blogger wishes. You must use it as the Church uses it.
The Church does not apply St. Paul’s statements the same way that they are being applied on this thread. The Church interprets them as a call to modesty and proper relationships between the sexes. The Church has approved many things and given many people permission to cross the gender stereotypes long before Vatican II.
In my own community, we have often had women whom we have submitted to as our Ministers and Mothers. Clare is considered our Mother and one of our founders. Mother Angelica is the Mother Foundress of the Missionary Friars of the Eternal Word, a community of men and the Knights of the Holy Eucharist, another community of men.
Mother Teresa is the Mother Foundress of the Missionaries of Charity, which is both male and female.
The same respect and obedience is given to Teresa of Avila among Discalced Carmelites by males and females.
These women held the title of Reverend, which is reserved for clerics. But they were allowed to be called Reverened Mother. They had the same power inside their community that a bishop has over his diocese. That’s why the Bishop’s Conference will never be able to take over EWTN. The Poor Clares founded it and they were free to give it over to a non-profit coroporation to run it. The local bishop had no jurisdiction.
I call all these examples crossing the lines of gender stereotypes.
If one wants to discuss modesty, then call it that. But don’t pigeon hole the genders and say that it’s the Catholic thing to do, because the Church has only limited the Sacrament of Holy Orders to men. All other forms of power and authority, all other forms of ministry and roles in society, have been exercised by men and women religious equally. As to forms of dress, in the Vatican, there are signs everywhere that indicate that women must dress modestly, the pictures include skirts and slacks, blouses and dresses with sleeves, not head gear. Women may receive communion from the Holy Father wearing slacks and their head uncovered.
Those sisters who wear secular dress have permission to do so from the Holy See. The Constitutions of religious institutes must be approved by the Sacred Congregation for Religious and Secular Institutes, a part of the Holy See. There is no disobedience. There has never been an order for religious to wear a habit. There was an expressed wish from Pope John Paul II, but he did not make it a binding law. He exalted the value of the habit, but left it to the Major Superiors and the Chapter of each community to decide.
Fraternally,
JR