If we’re going to use the understanding of Transubstantiation as lined out by the Council of Trent, you are going to have some serious problems without utilizing metaphysics; specifically, Aristotelian metaphysics. This is NOT theology, this is philosophy. NOT to say that the Real Presence is philosophy - it isn’t - it
is theology - because embracing the Real Presence requires faith. The change is real - and mysterious - thus defying explanation.
At the epiclesis, if one embraces Transubstantiation (which Catholics should do), the
substance of bread and wine are replaced by the
substance of Jesus’s body and blood (and NOT the accidents of wine and bread). This supposes the following metaphysical givens (these are more clearly enunciated by Kenny Pearce):
- Everything has a “substance” (matter and form) which is distinct from its “accidents” and “species” (in other words, how it strikes the senses) and in which its accidents inhere.
- There are some material objects which have no essential properties - i.e., all of their properties can change while their identity remains intact. (such as Christ’s Body and Blood)
- The identity of material objects over time does not require spatiotemporal (that is, existing in time and space) or causal continuity.
As Pearce notes, the Alexandrian school and Augustinian schools of thoughts would have had serious reservations with #1 and #2; they were Platonist in metaphysical view and transubstantiation would make absolutely no sense - which is NOT to say that they didn’t embrace the Real Presence, because they most certainly DID, as did the early liturgies of the Didache and Justin Martyr.
Now, if you are an Aristotelian or a Thomist, you’re going to have no problems with transubstantiation. This is, however, precisely why the Eastern Church continues to distance itself from using the term
transubstantiation - for at least two reasons: (1) it is too “confining”, and (2) Aristoltelian metaphysics comes into conflict when you deal with matters mysterious.
My problem is that I cannot in any stretch of the imagination reconcile the purest definition of a sacrament with Aristotelian metaphysics, because - in my view - to do so means you have to use reason to define a mystery. That is a
non sequitur if there ever was one.
Maybe this gets more at the OP - I don’t think the ECF’s would have delineated the Real Presence so much. It’s the Body and Blood of Christ. Period. An outward and visible sign of an inward and invisible grace.
Science was in vogue when transubstantiation came on the scene. It was, in my opinion, a mistake to embrace a concept that would require so much education in philosophy to fully embrace.
Why not leave the mystery a mystery!! To me, that is a much more powerful statement.
O+