**Since God is everywhere, whichever way the Priest faces, he faces God. (This applies to the faithful, as well.)
In any case, they are not the Pope’s priests. They are CHRIST’S priests.
As far as a closed circle, I don’t know as much about pagan worship as others.**
Actually, the Latin altar missals had rubrics for the basilican posture (otherwise known as facing west or versus populum), complete with diagrams about how the altar should be censed in this case. I’ve seen it with my own eyes.
Furthermore, there was a link on one of these fora showing photos of the Roman rite celebrated versus populum in the good old 1940’s and 1950’s–YEARS, if not decades–before that nasty ole Vatican II.
To add to what you just said, there are also all of the Eastern Rites, each with their own rubrics about which way the priest faces.
The point is that there is no universal form for the Catholic Church. The forms depend on the rite. The rites are dictated by the Sacred Congregation on Sacraments and Divine Worship. To say that the Tridentine form is THE right way of celebratig mass is inaccurate, since we have always had many forms in the Catholic Church. The Tridentine form was only for the Latin Rite and not for the entire Latin Rite. There were the exceptions for many religious orders.
In priories, monasteries and friaries, mass has been celebrated in different ways than has been the case for the parishes. In our own Franciscan houses we never had communion rails or kneelers. However, we were the first to have the tabernacle on the main altar, when the rest of the Church had it on the side. It was the Latin Rite Franciscans who introduced the tabernacle to the center altar when they went on missions outside of Assisi. That was introduced by St. Francis, because our chapels were very small with only one altar and St. Francis had such a strong devotion to the Blessed Sacrament that he ordered that the Sacrament be kept in our chapels. There was no other place to put him, except on the main altar. This was not the custom of the Middle Ages.
There are as many variatations on the form and the rules around each form as there were mendicant and monastic orders. One thing that most people in the Roman Church are not privy to are the rules that govern the celebration of mass inside the enclosure. These are not always the same as those that govern the mass in a parish or public oratory.
For example, in most monastic and mendicant orders there are no permanent deacons as there are among diocesan clergy. This was to protect the orders from becoming clerical orders. The founders were very careful to preserve the canonical lay character of the order. The canonical lay character is not the same as the laity. These men are not part of the laity. They are solemnly professed religious. But they are not ordained. To maintain the equality among the bretheren, some customs developed in the conventual mass that are not used in the mass with the general public. One of them was the absence of altar rails, communion on the knees or even Gregorian chant. That was more common among monastic orders and later adopted by the dioceses, but it never made it’s way into some mendicant orders. Among Franciscans the use of Gregorain chant was forbidden until Vatican II. They were only allowed to use it in parishes, because the bishops demanded that the religious follow the same rules as the secular priests when celebrating for the laity. Even in the Divine Office, it was recited, not chanted by Franciscans. Chanting the Liturgy of the Hours is very new to Franciscans. The older friars do not like it and object to it, because it is contrary to the 800 year tradition of reciting the office. They feel that introducing chant into the divine office in a Franciscan house is a novelty. Now there is the height of irony.
If you obseve the mass on EWTN, the entire community is not present. The reason for that is the same. The conventual mass is to be celebrated separate from the laity. That is one that many people don’t know. Many religious orders do not celebrate the conventual mass with the laity present. The Carthusians are never allowed to celebrate with the laity present. The Franciscans are allowed to do so, as long as it does not replace the conventual mass. The same with the Carmelites. There must be a conventual mass. The conventual masses often have different rituals built into them or different customs. As I said, we never had kneelers until after Vatican II. We stood for the Eucharistic prayer We did not have a communion rail. We received standing. The reason for that was becaues the early friars did it out of respect for the founder. It was considered inappropriate for a subordinate to ask the founder to kneel for communion before one of his sons. Since Francis was given communion standing, to avoid singularizing the founder, everyone stood. This was approved by Pope Innocent to avoid distinction among the friars.
I can speak best about our own Franciscan heritage, because it’s the one that I know the best. But like our own, there were other religious families that received other indults to fit their charism and spirituality.
When Vatican II came around and said that we could use the universal form, this was awkward. Because in 1963/65 people knelt at the altar rail. We didn’t have altar rails in our chapels. So you knelt on the floor along the edge of the sanctuary, which was not much of a sanctuary, since there were no steps, just a platform. In other words, it was not a very well marked sanctuary, as you would find in a parish church.
I have no idea what the new GIRM is going to say about all of this. I’m not a liturgist. I’m a mystical theologian. I deal in the soul, not the liturgy. What I know is very basic.
Fraternally,
Br. JR, OSF
