I am a Protestant, but I must insist that Matthew 18:19 itself is not a restriction upon praying to saints in heaven, because that is not the subject Jesus is talking about here. He was talking about what God will do for those who agree in prayer on earth, not what God won’t do for those who pray but are not on the earth.
In a light hearted but still serious example, when the Apollo mission to the moon got into such trouble (they made a movie out of it) I’m sure that the astronauts prayed, but just because they weren’t on earth doesn’t mean God didn’t grant their request!
You are correct that praying to saints is not Jesus’ subject. The two people agreeing in prayer however, are not just any people, but the leadership of the Church. The verse in question is about the authority of the Church to bind and loose.
The entire theme of Matthew’s gospel is Jesus establishing his Kingdom. Matthews Gospel is actually made up of five sub-books with a prologue and conclusion as follows:
- Chapters 1- 2: Prologue
- Chapters 3 - 7: Announcement of the Kingdom
- Chapters 8-10: Establishment of the Kingdom
- Chapters 11-13: The Kingdom Defined
- Chapters 14-18: Transfer of the Kingdom’s Authority
- Chapters 19 - 25: Announcement of the End of the Old Kingdom.
- Chapters 26-28: Conclusion
Matthew included two sections in each of the sub-books listed above. Each sub-book contains a narrative story about what Jesus did and where he went, followed by a discourse or talk by Jesus. This pattern of narrative followed by discourse repeats itself five times as we go through the five sub-books of Matthew’s Gospel and the entire theme of Matthew’s Gospel is the King and the establishment of His Kingdom.
The verse in question is from the 18th chapter of Matthew’s gospel which is Jesus’ discourse about the transfer of the Kindom’s authority from the priests and pharisees of the Old Testament to the Apostles of the New Testament. Jesus was asked about his Kingdom’s authority at the beginning of this chapter when his disciples asked who was the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. This is the lauching point for Jesus discourse and the passage is clearly about Jesus’ Kingdom - Jesus’ Church, and its authority.
*
17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell the church. If he refuses to listen even to the church, then treat him as you would a Gentile or a tax collector.
**18 **Amen, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
19 l Again, [amen,] I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything for which they are to pray, it shall be granted to them by my heavenly Father.
20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.
(Matthew 18:17-20) *
You are correct that the verse in question has nothing to do with praying to saints, but it is incorrect to interpret the passage as being about any two people agreeing to something in prayer. The context of the passage makes it clear that Jesus is talking about the Church’s ability to discipline, adressing a situation where a sinner refuses to listen to correction and the matter being taken to the authority of the Church.
As part of Matthew’s fourth sub-book about transfer of the Kingdom’s authority from the priests and Rabbi’s of the Old Testament to the priests and Apostles of the New Testament, Jesus had given the Keys to the Kingdom to Peter in chapter 16, along with Church’s authority to bind and loose.
The verse here is about two agreeing in prayer about a disciplinary issues which Jesus knew were inevitable. Jesus was teaching the future leadership of his Church that when these issues aries, they were to pray about it, agree on it, and that God would bind in heaven what they bound on earth. As Jesus the King’s delegated authority, the leadership of the Church was given the authority to bind and loose and this is the context of the agreement of two in prayer.
-Tim-