Matt:
I’m sick of the Swedes and their bishops, but I have come to some sort of conclusion.
First some caveats. As I said at the start, this is not my field. I did study history, but not to any particular distinction: I am certainly not an historian. I have no expertise in the history of the Church, the late Middle Ages, or Scandinavia. If I have any more than general historical knowledge it is of the events that led to the meeting of Blücher and Wellington on the field of Waterloo.
Secondly, all I have done is look at a handful of secondary sources trawled from the ether.
Nonetheless I have reached some degree of confidence in my own mind that, unless contrary evidence surfaces, we have no reason to doubt the Swedish claim that there was a succession from bishop to bishop by laying on of hands that began before the Reformation and continued through and after it.
It is true that Dr Nicholson and Dr Lundström and Dr Williams might be said to have an emotional investment in this outcome, but there seems no reason to question their diligence or honesty; moreover *The Tablet * might be said to have an emotional investment the other way, yet its article agrees with them. Even more significantly, there seems to me to be no inconsistency between them and the short narratives in Wallace or the *New Cambridge Modern History *. All the sources visited, then, have supported the conclusion that the succession by laying on of hands continued through the period.
Of course it is possible, as we have seen in the past, for doubts to be raised as to the validity of the transmission of orders because of possible faults of form or intent, or the two entwined, but at that point I feel the waters rising and fear that I may be getting out of my depth. As to the matter of laying on of hands, however: belief in that seems solidly grounded.