"The Decalogue is given in the Pentateuch in two versions (Ex. xx. 2-17 and Deut. v. 6-18) that exhibit some variants (see below). According to the Biblical records, it represents the solemn utterances of Yhwh on Mt. Sinai, directly revealed by Him to Moses and the people of Israel in the third month after their deliverance from Egypt, amid wonderful manifestations of divine power marked by thunder and lightning and thick smoke (Ex. xix.). As such, God wrote the Ten Words upon two tablets of stone—“tables of testimony” ( , Ex. xxiv. 12, xxxi. 18, xxxii. 16) or “tables of the covenant” (, Deut. ix. 9, 11, 15)—and gave them to Moses. The people having gone astray, Moses, carried away by righteous indignation, broke the tables (Ex. xxxii. 19), and God subsequently commanded him to hew two other tables like the first (Ex. xxxiv. 1), whereon to rewrite the Ten Words (Ex. xxxiv. 1). According to another passage (Ex. xxxiv. 27, 28), Moses was bidden to rewrite, and did rewrite, the Commandments himself; but in Deut. iv. 13, v. 18, ix. 10, x. 24, God appears as the writer. This second set, broughtdown from Mt. Sinai by Moses (Ex. xxxiv. 29), was placed in the Ark (Ex. xxv. 16, 21; xl. 20), hence designated as the “Ark of the Testimony” (Ex. xxv. 22; Num. iv. 5; compare also I Kings viii. 9).
Contents.
The Decalogue opens with the solemn affirmation, put in the first person, that the speaker is Yhwh, Israel’s (“thy”) God, who hath led Israel (“thee”) out of Egypt. Therefore there shall be for Israel (“thee”) no other gods before Yhwh’s (“my”) face. Prohibition of idolatry follows as a logical amplification of this impressive announcement, and then a caution against taking Yhwh’s name in vain. The duty of remembering the Sabbath and that of honoring father and mother are emphasized. Murder, adultery, theft, and false testimony are forbidden, and the Decalogue concludes with an expanded declaration against, covetousness.
—Critical View:
The Decalogue in Deuteronomy does not differ materially from that in Exodus in regard to the affirmations and obligations contained therein. Verbal discrepancies, however, are comparatively numerous, while the reason adduced for the Sabbath is altogether different. In detail these variants may be grouped as follows:
(a)
Differences in the consonantal (Masoretic) text, in identical words: For example, “miẓwotai” (, Ex. xx. 6), which occurs as “miẓwotaw” (, Deut. v. 10, in the “Ketib”; this variant is due to an anticipation of the transition from the first to the third person which ensues after this verse). Similarly, there are changes in the use and position of the auxiliary vowel letters; e.g., (Ex. xx 5) and (Deut. v. 9); (Ex. xx. 12) and , (Deut. v. 16).
(b)
Syntactical differences: E.g., the syndetic arrangement “children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren” (Ex. xx. 5, Hebr.), over against the polysyndetic" children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren" (Deut. v. 9, Hebr.); and the asyndetic succession “Thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal” (Ex. xx. 13-17), over against the polysyndetic “Thou shalt not kill, and thou shalt not, . . . and,” etc. (Deut. v. 17, Hebr.).
(c)
Stylistic variations: “Covet,” occurring twice in Exodus (xx. 17). is replaced in one instance by “desire” in Deuteronomy (v. 18). “Graven image and any likeness” in Ex. xx. 11 (Hebr.) appears as “[the] graven image of any likeness” in Deut. v. 8 (Hebr.). “Remember () the Sabbath” in Ex. xx. 9 corresponds to “Keep” () in Deut. v. 12. (“false witness”) in Ex. xx. 16 corresponds to (“a witness of iniquity” or “falsehood”) in Deut. v. 17 (A.V. 20), the prohibition being furthermore prefixed by “and.” The sequence “house and wife” in Ex. xx. 17 is reversed to read “wife and house” in Deut. v. 18 (A.V. 21).
(d)
Read more:
jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=192&letter=D#ixzz0VRZxARE7