What Really Caused the Reformation?

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Contarini:
Hitler’s motivation arose primarily from a pseudo-scientific racist ideology that came neither from Luther nor from Catholicism, although the general Christian heritage of anti-Judaism did a lot to pave the way for Hitler.
In your opinion. And Hitler’s ideology would have taken root just as easily, had the Reformation never happened? Is that what you are suggesting?
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Contarini:
No, you haven’t, because to do that you have to consider other possible sources as well.
Maybe. Maybe not. So out there somewhere is a tract identical to the one Luther wrote against the Jews? And that tract was written not by Martin Luther but by Norman Luther and Hitler celebrated Norman Luther’s birthday by burning the synagogues. Right?

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Contarini:
You have demonstrated no such thing until you discuss Luther’s statements against the background of attitudes to the Jews in the Middle Ages and the sixteenth century, and show how Luther differed from his Catholic predecessors and contemporaries.
Occam’s Razor, my friend. And a big red herring. You are attempting to detour attention from the fact that Luther wrote that nasty little tract against the Jews by unilaterally ‘assigning’ me a rabbit chase on the entire background of attitudes to the Jews.

What would finding the entire background of attitudes prove? Enough to post an ad populem claim? that is, because lots of folks hated the Jews, it was OK for Luther to hate them?

Um, Luther was a monk, wasn’t he? Was he not supposedly a man of God? Was he not supposedly a very educated man, a Biblical scholar in fact? So brilliant that he rose rapidly in the ranks of the Church until the Wittenburg Plague saw him go over the edge?

So let’s say that posting the 99 theses took integrity and courage of purpose . Why would that integrity and courage of purpose stop at the gates of the Jewish ghettos?

In fact, if you read on in the linked material I have provided, you will find that Luther tried to convert the Jews to the new religion but they wouldn’t budge. It was then that he unleashed a rage and a persecution on them so disproportionate as to stagger the imagination.
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Contarini:
For unscrupulous use of force you can go no further than Machiavelli’s The Prince,
Red herring. Nice try though. I had only to go as far as Luther and his friends.

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Contarini:
and there’s a good (though very lengthy and detailed) discussion of the broader context in Quentin Skinner’s Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 1.
Red herring. Please, Mr Contarini, can you refrain from this flagrant condescension for a bit? Can you not give it a rest? There are very educated folks on this forum, Sir. Not everyone is lacking in the literary graces.
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Contarini:
For an example of scatological polemic (particularly appropriate since it is directed against scholastic philosophers/theologians, who were also often Luther’s targets) I refer you to Rabelais’ Gargantua, chaps. 13-15.
Are you suggesting that Luther used ‘literary allusions’ in publishing his pamphlets? If so, then that strikes me as somewhat overly ‘imaginative.’ In any case, as I have said before, there is no need for me to go on a rabbit chase. There is no need to go any further than what Luther himself published.

Now either he published defamatory muck against the Church and against the Jews or he didn’t. If he did, then reading Gargantua and the Prince is not going to change that.

You comport yourself as if you know your way around the world of scholars. So tell us: what does it mean to a man’s credibility when that man publishes material of questionable scholarly value? Luther, a Biblical scholar of quite some renown, stooped to publishing material of very very questionable scholarly value.

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Contarini:
Now please oblige me by providing the specific examples I asked for of people being converted to Catholicism by force.
This is excessive. It is another rabbit chase. I have provided ample links to credible sources. I suggest you start with those. And frankly, Mr Contarini, I am bowled over that you who rarely substantiate your claims and rarely post links are coming down on me who is – if anything – a frequent linker.

:confused:

If you would like others to provide examples for you, then perhaps you would provide us with an ongoing model of what those examples should look like. Fair enough? Thank you.
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Contarini:
Not general allegations that Lutheran governments used force, confiscated Church property (not the same thing as your claim that individuals were converted under pain of seizure of property, though for all I know that may have happened), etc.
The links are there. Please be kind enough to read them. The rest is a rabbit chase and has little to do with the points I wished to make. Thank you.
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Contarini:
I know that these things happened, but your claims went beyond this, and I need examples.
My claims were quoted directly from reputable sources. I have made the case I wanted to make. I have provided links. If you want a further case to be made, then you are free to do so.

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Contarini:
Also please put your allegations about Luther in historical context by comparing them to Catholic policies.
There is no need to. He either did what he did. Or he did not. No historical context will change what he did.
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Contarini:
(This applies to the general issue of the use of force to promote the “true religion” as well as to the specific issue of the treatment of Jews.) Otherwise you are simply engaging in empty rhetoric.
Empty rhetoric, Mr Contarini? :rolleyes: Saying so, does not make it so. What you are suggesting is that because I have not made your points for you that I have engaged in empty rhetoric. This, of course, is illogical and extreme, as far as rhetoric goes. If you have a point you wish to make, you are free to do so without unilaterally attempting to engage me to do the legwork for you.

Nice try, Mr Contarini. But I wasn’t born yesterday. (I’m 29 😉 ) end of post
 
The public has ALWAYS had access to the Bible.
  1. Why didn’t the Catholic Church teach its parishoners how to read, so they could appreciate God’s Word, and,
  2. Why was it kept chained at the pulpit if it was so readily available?:ehh:
 
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Salamander:
Easy does it. We all have motives.
So we all have motives. My point was that it is not for another poster to attribute motive to me. It is for God. No other.
 
Steel Arrow:
  1. Why didn’t the Catholic Church teach its parishoners how to read, so they could appreciate God’s Word, and,
How many poor folks could spare the time from making a living to learn how to read? It wasn’t simply a question of learning how to read either. It was a question of having a general education in order to read with understanding. Who could afford the time off work to acquire a general education? The folks in question did not live in 21stC Western countries.
Steel Arrow:
  1. Why was it kept chained at the pulpit if it was so readily available?
Because for centuries Bibles were handcopied. It took a lifetime to copy a Bible. Bibles, therefore, were more precious than gold. They were chained to the pulpits by both Catholics and Reformers in order to prevent folks from stealing them.
 
There are many persons in the world nowdays that can’t read or write. Often, they depend on their children to stay away from school and tend to the family farm. But, even one person from a family, who learned how to read and write, could teach the rest of the family to do the same. Maybe the CC didn’t have vision enough to see what they as a church could do for the less fortunate. Having not lived in that time period, I can’t say for certain whether this would have worked then or not, like your speculation on them not being able to leave work to learn.

:tiphat:
 
Ani Ibi:
By what authority do you assume what is only God’s to assume?
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Salamander:
…AND yourself? You assume that the Reformation movement, the Catholic church and all other denominations are under God’s authority. Well, who am I to hold you back from your assumptions…God knows.
The question was:
Ani Ibi:
By what authority do you assume what is only God’s to assume?
Please answer the question rather than using the question as an assumption to go off on your own tangent. If you want to go off on your own tangent, then there is no need to quote my material. OK? Thank you.
Can you expland on this statement please? How do you apply this quote? Is the Catholic Church just any old religion? How can the infallible teaching of the Catholic Church not pass the test of Christ’s doctrine when it in fact is Christ’s doctrine?
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Salamander:
Yes. Simply. Yes. Because you claim to be founded on Peter’s confession of faith and Jesus was talking about His Church, not the “catholic church”. Petros (little rock) was affirming the Christ and the Christ was affirming His Petras (her-the Church).
Understood. I will not refute this at this time because to do so would be to detour this thread off topic. But thank you for the short answer. If you wish to discuss it further, then please find a thread on this subject or start a new thread on this subject. Thank you.
Ani Ibi:
Do you have your own theory on this perhaps? Moreover does apportioning reference excuse them from what they chose? Did borrowing the final solution from Luther excuse Hitler for what he chose?
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Salamander:
Don’t be confused.
Confused? Confused about what?
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Salamander:
The catholic church makes people go to classes, and stand up and prayer to Mary, and do all these “ceremonial” things in order to pray to God through His Son. Why not just simply start at the Book of Acts and read through to the Bood of Revelation.
Red herring. And how do you know all this? Please answer the question rather than using the question as an opportunity to go off on a tangent. OK? Thank you. Also, do you not think it to be somewhat disrespectful to assume that we folks at CAF have not read our Bible?

I could well ask you Why not simply start at the Book of Acts and read through to the Book of Revelation including the seven books and bits of other books which Luther removed, couldn’t I? But that would be assuming that you have not read them. And that wouldn’t be quite cricket, would it? Get the general drift on how rhetorical questions work now?
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Salamander:
God’s Word is everlasting.
God’s Word is the Logos which is the Second Person of the Bible as per my signature.
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Salamander:
Besides, leave Hitler out of it.
Why?
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Salamander:
…too many people have died in the world for religious beliefs. My ancestors were Jews and they were just as wrong as those who have not obeyed God’s Word. Mark 16:15-16. :cool:
This is not a reason for leaving Hitler out of it. Hitler was part of the line of reasoning** I** was making. I am amused that some folks have been so impressed by the material which I posted to make my point that they now wish me to write posts making their points for them.

If you feel Hitler should be left out of a discussion on Luther, then please go right ahead and post your own line of reasoning. Meanwhile, the question I asked and which you have sidestepped is:
Ani Ibi:
Do you have your own theory on this perhaps? Moreover does apportioning reference excuse them from what they chose? Did borrowing the final solution from Luther excuse Hitler for what he chose?
Do you have answers to any of the questions which I have asked?
 
Ani Ibi:
I am wondering, Mr Contarini, if you would be so kind as to remember where you are posting and tone down the provocativeness of your prose.
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Contarini:
I think this request is highly ironic given the allegations you have been throwing around without basis.
I think it is ironic that you try to distract from the provocative nature of some of your responses to folks in this thread by characterizing my posts as ‘throwing around allegations’ rather than successfully refuting my posts.

:rolleyes: 😃
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Contarini:
However, I know that anger doesn’t accomplish much, so I will try to express myself calmly.
This is a very good plan, Mr Contarini.
Ani Ibi:
Particularly given that you provide no evidence whatsoever for your rather extraordinary claims.
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Contarini:
My claims would not seem extraordinary to Reformation scholars.
And who knows? They may not seem extraordinary to us either should you see fit to substantiate them. But that so far is in the realm of the hypothetical.

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Contarini:
And by the way, I do have a Ph.D. in the subject (2005, from Duke University).
Then, Sir, you know better than to expect us to accept your opinions merely on the basis of your having articulated them and not on the basis of any line of reasoning or linked references offered on your part.
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Contarini:
I don’t say this to make people accept my claims uncritically, but to establish that I am somewhat familiar with what Reformation scholars generally consider extraordinary.
Let me see if I understand you, Mr Contarini: You want us to accept that you are one of a group of authoritative sources on what is extraordinariness during the Reformation and that you want us to accept your unsubstantiated claims only on the basis of your membership in that group of authoritative sources? I don’t think I can do that.
Ani Ibi:
Saying I can’t do it, doesn’t make it so. In fact I have posted link after link after link. Mind you, a person would have to read that material to know what it says.
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Contarini:
Exactly. And when one has read it, one sees that it does not answer my questions.
Your questions, Sir, are red herrings so I do not feel logically obliged to answer them at this time on this thread on this topic.

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Contarini:
The quality of your evidence is not measured by the number of your links (most of which were to the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia–hardly the fairest or most up-to-date source).
Red herring. We are talking about accuracy. Are you refuting the accuracy of what I have posted? It doesn’t seem so. It seems that you are injecting many considerations which are no more than red herring tactics and expecting those tactics to somehow undermine what I have posted. The fact of the matter is that either Luther published those anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic pamplets and promoted coersion and violence or he didn’t.
Ani Ibi:
Why do some of you insist that I am saying one thing when I am saying many things?
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Contarini:
Because what you actually said was this:
Ani Ibi:
In fact folks were converted on pain of death and on pain of seizure of their property. 100 000 peasants were killed. Those who did not comply with Luther saw their property burned to the ground.
Again one thing. I posted this material as one aspect of a whole list of things which contributed to the Reformation. Ergo, many things.

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Contarini:
The reference to the peasants is sandwiched between two claims about force being used to make people “convert” or “comply with Luther.” If you intended to make a completely different point, you should have expressed yourself more clearly.
Nope, I wished to make the point I made. I made that point as well as making many other points about factors which contributed to the Reformation.
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Contarini:
The natural inference to draw from what you said was that the killing of the peasants was part of a program of forcible conversion.
Affective fallacy.
Ani Ibi:
I have already. If you would do your reading, you would know this.
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Contarini:
I did not see it. So please bear with me and repeat the specific example I asked for.
It’s there.
Ani Ibi:
Are you sidestepping the issue, Mr Contarini?
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Contarini:
Not in the least.
For someone who is not sidestepping the issue your posts certainly seem to have racked up an astonishing number of red herrings.
Ani Ibi:
Did you once more not read the material I have posted? Was it not clear in that material that Hitler’s final solution was lifted directly from Luther’s anti-Jewish propaganda?
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Contarini:
No, it wasn’t clear at all.
Compare the wording of Luther’s program with Hitler’s program. What was not clear?
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Contarini:
The article in the Canadian Jewish News said that Hitler carried out Luther’s prescriptions, which is correct in the sense that Hitler did many of the things Luther advocated (and of course proceeded to extremes that no one before him had advocated).
Please explain to me how that is not clear?

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Contarini:
I am sure that Luther’s anti-Jewish material was *one *of the things Hitler drew on.
His anti-Jewish program was lifted from Luther’s program. Read it. Then comment.
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Contarini:
But that is not what you claimed. There is a difference between “drew on as one precedent” and “lifted directly.”
Strawman. Please do not put words in my mouth.
Ani Ibi:
If you want a compare and contrast, then please have the goodness to start your new thread.
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Contarini:
No, this is of the utmost relevance. For you to demonstrate that Luther was *the *inspiration for Hitler you have to rule out other obvious contenders, such as the long history of Catholic anti-Judaism.
Strawman. Please do not put words in my mouth. I pointed to Luther’s anti-Jewish program. I pointed to Hitler’s anti-Jewish program. I do not have to prove that Luther was the inspiration for Hitler. I only have to prove that the influence was there and that Hitler drew on it. I have proven that. This is not rocket science, Mr Contarini.
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Contarini:
Furthermore, it is reasonable to suppose that Luther’s own anti-Judaism drew on this pre-Reformation tradition.
I see. And there were no psycho-social factors involved? And Luther just did not have the intellectual or moral wherewithall to choose differently? Is that what you are suggesting here, Mr Contarini? That the pre_Reformation tradition forced Luther to persecute the Jews?

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Contarini:
In fact, if you look at pre-Reformation Christian regulations concerning Jews such as the canons of Fourth Lateran, you see many precedents for Hitler as well (particularly prescriptions that Jews should wear special clothing and restrictions on their public activity).
Red herring. Either Luther said and did what he did viz the Jews. Or he didn’t. Either Hitler borrowed from Luther or he didn’t. Thing is, the evidence is there. Pointing to extraneous factors does not change the connection between the two historical figures.
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Contarini:
Note also in the first link I provided Justinian’s ban on the Mishnah, which was taken up again in the thirteenth century at the instigation of Dominican and Franciscan polemicists (see Jeremy Cohen, The Friars and the Jews). The “blood libel” was commonly believed in Luther’s day (Prof. Hans Hillerbrand of Duke University told me that John Eck, one of Luther’s most important Catholic opponents, believed in it, although I have not seen the evidence myself) and allegedly was still being maintained by some Catholic writers at the beginning of the 20th century (since one of my sources for this is Cornwell, I don’t expect you to be convinced–however, I doubt he would simply fabricate articles in Civilta Cattolica and L’Osservatore Romano), yet as far as I know Luther never mentions it.
I am aware of all this, Mr Contarini. But it does not change the choices which Luther himself made. As for whether or not I will be convinced, please let me be the judge of that. OK? Thank you. end of post
 
There are many persons in the world nowdays that can’t read or write. Often, they depend on their children to stay away from school and tend to the family farm. But, even one person from a family, who learned how to read and write, could teach the rest of the family to do the same. Maybe the CC didn’t have vision enough to see what they as a church could do for the less fortunate. Having not lived in that time period, I can’t say for certain whether this would have worked then or not, like your speculation on them not being able to leave work to learn.

:tiphat:
One of the great credentials of authenticity for the HCC in its 2,000 years of contributions which have been a singulalry powerful, profound and pervasive force on Western Civilization. The HCC invented modern education and the university as we know them today. Universities received charters from the Pope and were usually connected with major cathedrals after the first millenium.

Catholic hospitals were originally intended to provide hospitality to strangers. Later on they also took care of those marginalized in society, the sick, the ged, the poor, widows and orphans.

Before the fourth century, the HCC began establishing hospitals. Eventually, every major city had one.

After the fall of Rome in the fifth century, monasteries were providing medical care not available in Europe for several hundred years. From the fifith to 10th centureis, they served as schools for medical education. This in addition to the well-known facts that Catholic Monks were responsible for preserving and copying the Sacred Texts.

Bibles were therefore secured by chains in churches so that they might be available to EVERYONE, no matter how poor. Otherwise only the rich and learned would have access to them.

There is no evidence of a “Blood Line” that accomplished all of this.

To say the HCC didn’t have vision is to be ignorant of history.

Yes, often ONE CHILD was chosen to learn. These were the ones who were sent to the monastary, the convent, the seminary.
 
Red herring. We are talking about accuracy. Are you refuting the accuracy of what I have posted? It doesn’t seem so.
The only specific claim I take issue with from the CE is the claim that scholars are unanimous in blaming Luther for the peasants’ war. That probably wasn’t true in 1911, and it certainly isn’t true now. I refer you to Peter Blickle’s monograph, *The Revolution of 1525. *Blickle has no brief for Luther, as his other work *Communal *Reformation shows. He gives Luther due blame for his sycophantic support of the princes’ brutal repression of the revolt, and he points out that the peasants were not in fact the ravaging hordes Luther thought they were. But he lays out a number of causes for the war–there were social and economic and political causes as well as religious, and the peasants were capable of thinking for themselves and did not take Luther’s ideas blindly. As for the repression, I’m very dubious as to whether Luther’s support made it any worse, but he’s certainly to be blamed for egging the princes on to do what they wanted to do anyway.
It seems that you are injecting many considerations which are no more than red herring tactics and expecting those tactics to somehow undermine what I have posted.
Asking you to give one single example to support your generalizations is not a red herring. It’s perfectly reasonable, and your failure to do so demonstrates that you have nothing substantive to offer. All you can do is bluster. You can’t name one Catholic who was forcibly converted to Protestantism under threat of death. You can’t even give a specific example of confiscation of [private] property, though I haven’t denied that this may have happened. I have asked you three times now. You made this claim–you need to support it.

As for the anti-Judaism material, obviously the comparative issue is relevant, because you are trying to discredit Protestantism in comparison to Catholicism. No one is disputing that Luther was bitterly anti-Jewish, but you are claiming that Luther is uniquely or primarily responsible for inspiring Hitler. You have to do comparative work in order to make this case.
The fact of the matter is that either Luther published those anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic pamplets and promoted coersion and violence or he didn’t.
But you are claiming more than that Luther published anti-Jewish pamphlets. You claimed that he is responsible for Hitler’s policies because Hitler was following Luther. Obviously to show this, you need to show that Luther was saying something new and different. If you want to argue that Luther is responsible for not breaking with the medieval tradition of anti-Judaism, I’ll agree with you 100%. Similarly with “coercion and violence.” Certainly Luther was in favor of religious violence (on the part of the state–he never supported any kind of popular uprising, though some of the things he said before 1525 could be misinterpreted in that direction) under certain circumstances. I.e., he thought that governments had the right to maintain good order, and that for Christian governments this included punishing those who engaged in open blasphemy or otherwise disturbed the religious peace. I think that what you mean by “anti-Catholic pamphlets” promoting violence is Luther’s remarks to the effect that bishops and popes deserved to be killed, etc. He did indeed say those things, but that is not what I was disputing. You still have not provided one example of a conversion to Protestantism under threat of death or even under threat of confiscation.

Part of the problem in this debate is that you’re working with an anachronistic picture of religion. While people did have personal “conversions” to Lutheranism in the sense that they adopted Lutheran ideas, Lutheranism was thoroughly a state-church affair. The Lutherans were trying to take over and transform the official church institutions, and this certainly involved a good deal of force–closing down monasteries, abolishing the Mass (though they were relatively slow and gentle in doing this compared to the Reformed), etc. In the sense that they changed the practices of the official Church, which was the only one that existed, they “forcibly converted” whole areas (though only over a period of years in which the Mass was allowed to give people time to make the transition), which would have had to establish some kind of underground church in order to remain Catholic (I am not aware of any examples of this happening in Lutheran territories, at least in the early decades). But that is not what you said: you said that people were converted under threat of death.

Edwin
 
Affective fallacy.
It is neither an “affective” nor any other kind of fallacy to infer that you intended to write a coherent paragraph in which the things you said were connected with each other. I apologize if I rated your skills in self-expression too highly.
It’s there.
Saying so does not make the missing evidence magically appear. This is getting ridiculous. If you had the examples I’m asking for you would repeat them.
For someone who is not sidestepping the issue your posts certainly seem to have racked up an astonishing number of red herrings.
Your definition of a “red herring” appears to be any point that refutes your claims.
Compare the wording of Luther’s program with Hitler’s program. What was not clear?
Well, for one thing Luther didn’t advocate the slaughter of the Jews (admittedly Hitler didn’t advocate that at first). However, my point was that Luther was himself drawing on an older tradition of anti-Judaism–something you appear to admit. Therefore, it is irrational to single Luther out.

The basic point is this: why does it discredit Protestantism to point out that Protestants could sometimes do the same sorts of bad things that Catholics also did? Doesn’t it rather just show that we are all sinners (something Luther certainly never denied)?

Edwin
 
Strawman. Please do not put words in my mouth.
“Lifted directly” were your precise words–you even quoted them in your last post, and you repeated the word “lifted” in this post. How is it putting words in your mouth to quote precisely what you said? You really do have an interesting approach to the English language. Red herrings are any arguments you can’t refute, and direct quotation is “putting words in your mouth”!
Strawman. Please do not put words in my mouth. I pointed to Luther’s anti-Jewish program. I pointed to Hitler’s anti-Jewish program. I do not have to prove that Luther was the inspiration for Hitler.
You said “lifted directly.” That does imply that Luther was the sole or primary influence. Otherwise you don’t have a “direct lifting.”
I only have to prove that the influence was there and that Hitler drew on it. I have proven that. This is not rocket science, Mr Contarini.
No, it’s just confusing language. I am not responsible for your failure to say what you mean. I assume naively that “lifted directly” really means “lifted directly”–as in the one comes straight from the other. Now I learn that 'lifted directly" really means "drew on along with many other things (including, if Hitler’s own words are to believed, the Catholic anti-Jewish tradition from which Luther himself drew).

I guess the question at this point is: what are you trying to prove? That the Reformers were sinful and made terrible errors, just as the leaders of the Catholic Church and every other religious organization in history have done? Sure. We all knew that. Did you really think you were telling anyone anything new?

Either your claims are false, or they are completely unremarkable. Which is it?
I see. And there were no psycho-social factors involved?
Sure–whatever that means.
And Luther just did not have the intellectual or moral wherewithall to choose differently? Is that what you are suggesting here, Mr Contarini? That the pre_Reformation tradition forced Luther to persecute the Jews?
No. The point is that it’s silly to single out Luther by saying that Hitler “lifted” his anti-Jewish program “directly” from Luther, when you know quite well that Luther was one among many sources (indeed, I think that Luther’s primary responsibility–and that of the Catholic Church as well–was creating cultural attitudes that shaped Hitler and made his vicious idea seem credible; this is quite different from “lifting directly”). If I accused you of lifting your opinions directly from the Catholic Encyclopedia, you would quite rightly point out that the CE is just one among several sources on which you have drawn.

If all you meant was that Luther failed to break with the pre-Reformation tradition of anti-Judaism, then this part of the debate is over, and I will only suggest that you express yourself more precisely in future, since that is not what I thought you said, and I suspect that if you ask others who read your posts they will confirm that this is not the impression you produced.

Edwin
 
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