Pope Leo X’s Exsurge Domine, remains a source of controversy to us theologians even today.
My own Ph.D. is in church history, so I would be slow to call myself a theologian.
Remember it was a Papal Bull that censured forty one propositions extracted from Luther’s 95 theses. It was not a teaching document.
Not just from the 95 Theses, actually. And if a censure isn’t intended to teach something, why issue it? But of course it wasn’t a systematic teaching document.
The Church did not teach that heresy should be punished by death, rather that the state has certain rights, given by God, and it should use them in a christian fashion.
And this was understood to include the death penalty for obdurate heresy. Major theologians like Aquinas said it explicitly; Inquisitors (i.e., judges working directly for the Church) carried through on it by handing over condemned heretics to the secular arm with the full expectation that they would be burned; and Luther was condemned for saying that it was against the will of the Spirit.
I understand of course that none of this added up to infallible teaching. But it sure looked, at the time, as if “the Church” was teaching that heretics should be burned at the stake.
Only in retrospect is it clear that, in the narrow sense Catholics mean by the phrase when speaking of doctrinal matters, “the Church” was not “teaching” this at all.
That’s my point.
In a country that claims all citizens MUST be Catholic
Which of course not all countries did, and the Church actually
did generally come down on the other side on that one. That is to say, the Church did not call for the expulsion of Jews and actively condemned (at least in theory) their forcible conversion. So your argument fails at its very first premise. Heresy was a crime of the baptized (except for the attempt of some Inquisitors to say that rabbinic Judaism was a heretical interpretation of the OT)–its possible practitioners were defined by their membership in the Church, not by their subjection to the state. That’s why the Church wanted to be able to try heretics itself first, and only hand them over to the state if they were stubborn or if they kept relapsing into heresy. (Also because the Church wanted to give people a chance to avoid death–I am not claiming that Church leaders were generally bloodthirsty. The fact that they weren’t makes the
doctrinal problems of the Church’s stance all the more serious.)
then someone who denies the faith and leads others astray are treasonous.
Untrue. Treason was a separate crime with a separate punishment. Many people are misled by the fact that Pope Innocent III (I think it was) called heresy “treason against Christ.” But obviously that’s not the same thing as saying that it’s treason against the state. heresy was analogous to treason and was seen as being even worse, because it was treason against the ultimate King rather than a mere earthly ruler. And it was seen that way
because of Church teaching. A government that punished traitors against itself by death but let traitors to Christ off the hook would not have been seen as a very good Christian government. And by “would not have been seen,” I mean “by Church authorities.” Hence, you can’t get the Church off the hook this way. It is precisely this kind of shady dodge that discredits Catholicism in many people’s minds.
If the state decides the proper course of action is death, it is also up to the state to determine what is the punishment and how it is to be applied.
But again, it’s well documented that theologians and Popes defended and advocated for the death penalty.
Leo was defending the rights of the state. A particular state, in a particular century. Times change, governments, monarchies, people, culture all change. Not the teaching of the Catholic Church.
So if Catholics were to come to power in America, abolish the Constitution, establish a Catholic state, and decree that anyone openly contradicting Catholic doctrine or advocating for another church should be burned at the stake, the Church would be fine with that?
After all, the Church’s teaching doesn’t change