I disagree with him on all three counts.
St.Bernard:
He have gave birth to the largest monastic movement in the history of the Church. He reformed the Benedictine Order. The Cistercians were born from St. Bernard and they became a force to be reckoned with. Out of them came the Trappists. Also during the same period there were founded the Trinitarians, the Carmelites, Franciscans, Dominicans, Norbetines and Servites of which were male religious orders.
Scholasticism:
Scholasticism came in several wrappers. There was Aquinas, the most famous and influential of the Scholastics, but not the only one and certainly did not influence everyone. There was Bonaventure who influenced the Franciscans. Franciscans did not study Aquinas until the 1950s. Yet, Franciscans were always a much larger religious family than Dominicans. The Augustinian,Carmelite and Franciscan movements were scholastic, while at the same time ascetical and mystical. You have great names like: Bernard, Bonaventure, Leonard of Port Maurice, Francisco of Osuna, Peter of Alcantara, Catherine of Siena, Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross, and Brother Lawrence.
The women’s movement of the Middle Ages:
The only big women’s movement of the Middle Ages was the Franciscan movement, also known as the Poor Clares. It is true that Francis of Assisi mandated that Franciscan women must never be subordinate to a man, be they Franciscan nuns or Secular Franciscan women who were married, But Francis of Assisi, Clare of Assisi, Agnes of Prague and Elizabeth of Hungary were not feminists by any stretch of the imagination.
The reason for this ruling was to protect women. Many of the women who entered religious life, including Clare, came from the nobility and many of the male superiors, including Francis, came from the merchant class. The merchant class delighted in nothing more than subordinating the nobility. The class struggles were in full force by the 13th century. The first women to become Franciscan nuns came from the nobility. The first women to become Secular Franciscans also came from the nobility. Whereas most of the friars came from the wealthy merchant class.
There was never an explosion of women’s orders. The writer doesn’t even have his language correct. With St.Vincent de Paul there was the explosion of the sisterhood. The sisters were not nuns, nor did they belong to religious orders and they are still not nuns and they still don’t belong to religious orders. Only nuns can belong to religious orders. Nuns are very few. The explosion of religious congregations and societies of women began in the 17th century, not during the Middle Ages. The only communities of women that really “exploded” during the Middle Ages were the Poor Clares and the Dominican Nuns. The others grew at a slow and steady pace, but nothing to write home about.
The religious sisters exploded, precisely because what they did, not priest wanted to do. They changed bandages, diapers, cleaned vomit, taught children, raised orphans, wiped the butts of the elderly poor who had no one to care for them. Priests believed that these things were beneath their dignity, probably because they were men, more so than because they were priests. The only priests in history who were famous for doing this kind of grunge ministry were St. Francis of Assisi, St. John of God, St. Camillus, St. Vincent de Paul, and St. John Bosco. We still don’t have men willing to do this kind of ministry.
The assertion that the Protestant Reformation was a reaction to femininity in Catholicism is suspicious at best. Luther accused the Church of many things, most of which were true, but femininity was not one of them. Luther, Calvin and Wesley’s reformation were more the product of scrupulosity. Their attempt was to return to what was sure, which meant a return to sola scriptura. We all know about the Anglican Reformation. That was all about politics. Henry needed a male heir to keep control of England and its territories. The wealth of the Church in England was not to be ignored either. He has spent the Tudor money and was desperate. A Tudor queen could secure the royal line, but not the royal purse, since English law said that a woman’s personal wealth became her husband’s property upon marriage.
This summary is way off the historical mark. I’d like to see the book to see if it really says what this summary claims it says. I can’t believe that a scholar would mess up history that badly.
Fraternally,
Br. JR, OSF