Catholic conservatism on the rise as priest refuses funeral for 'sinner'

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Ani Ibi:
This is a direct quote from another Catholic Forums thread: on which you, Alan, said the following:

Pope Benedict has written powerfully on ‘relativism.’ Is there a reason you have chosen to ignore what our Pope has to say on the matter and instead expound from your own ‘authority’? What btw is your own authority?
I’m not sure how the quote about my posting style is relevant here. I do not deny that I occasionally have mischief mixed in with my hopefully good motives when I post. This is not one of them, though, at least in terms of my sincerity to the things I’m writing.

The very first negative encounter I had in my life with an authority figure was with a nun who insisted that I could not take three from two. I knew, of course, that we could if we just used an expanded definition of “what is subtraction” and added negative numbers to our vocabulary we could. I pleaded with her just to admit to the class (not for my benefit but theirs) that there was a way to do it but we just couldn’t. (I thought it was a negotiable matter because of course she knew math or she wouldn’t be teaching it, right?) When she refused, I offered to help her understand it and I ended up in the principal’s office. Decades later I found out she really didn’t know anything about math and she had no idea about negative numbers.

In countless other times, people have told me of their supposed “absolute” truths and then proceeded to behave in a manner that makes their truths relative, or even completely unapplicable. They have heartfelt reasons for believing so, but almost always I find that their “absolutes” are really only absolutes inside a certain rhetorical box which makes a limiting assumption over the nature of Truth to conform to our humanly logical constructs. We form God in our own graven image to try to understand what we are not wise enough to grasp.

As far as relativism being an evil in itself, that’s hogwash. When relativistic principles are applied to some very narrowly defined absolute truths, it can be problematic. You can say “1+1=10” is objectively false, but in doing so, you presuppose limitations and meanings upon the symbol “10” to think it actually means the decimal number “ten.” Why says it was in base 10, other than convention and experience? In base 2 the statement is entirely accurate. It’s all a matter of what meaning you attach to your symbols, and under what assumptions those symbols reflect reality. Anybody who thinks they are going teach me a thing or two by saying, "truth is absolute by nature, so 1+1=2 is always the case and alternative such as 1+1=10 are thereby false, has used a poor example of absolutism because I’m better at the symbol game and I know of countless examples where it is false. Again, all I have to do is change the rules so we are using binary instead of decimal and 1+1=10 becomes absolutely true, and 1+1=2 becomes completely meaningless.

Truth itself may be absolute in nature, but our understanding it and our codifying of it into human language always presumes numerous assumptions about the relationship between the verbal symbols and implications of the parables we are using, which are not constant across cultures or even within one individual from one moment to the next.

The we use complexity to hide or try to absolute-ize relativism. For example, when discussing culpability for a sin, we have a set of criteria used to determine, but when all the words have been spoken and heard, there still is a subjective component that is objectively part of the determination. For example, if someone tells me that induced abortion of a live baby is objectively evil, and it doesn’t depend on the motive, that’s fine. Limited minds, then, extend this to incorrecly assert that abortion is objectively a mortal sin on the parts of the participants, which is not necessarily true.

The biggest issue I have with people who use “relativism” as a verbal bludgeon is their point is normally just as relativistic as the one they condemn, making them hyprocrites as well as fools. Sometimes it seems to be a matter of conflicting absolutes, and only an expanded understanding can reconcile them, although in any given reference frame it would appear we do indeed have no-win situations. Life is about winning in no-win situations, and Christ showed us how limited our pseudo-absolute ideas are, that are really artifacts of limited understandng. When He suggested they eat flesh and drink blood, He was suggesting they engage in something abominable and unthinkable. It would seem He was going against an absolute prohibition. Rather than admitting to relativistic interpretation of the ban on drinking blood, He just emphasized that in his expanded consciousness compared to our own, it not only makes sense but is mandatory.

Alan
 
Gottle of Geer said:
## That’s a much more adequate answer than any I could manage to give 🙂

“Infinitely loving” is not the most obvious description of the “ecclesiastical Stalinism” which “purges” “dissidents”. That is to have the mind of the world: for the Church to be no different in her treatment of her members from a purely human society, is a form of worldliness. Making human societies the model for her treatment of those in her is simply living down to the standards of those societies. The Church has trouble living by God’s grace - living by the standards of the world is much easier. It’s far “safer” ##

Before we use somewhat inflammatory terms such as “ecclesiastical Stalinism”, do we have any examples of the Church purging dissidents today that would justify the fear that invokes such a term?
 
Ani Ibi:
This is a direct quote from another Catholic Forums thread: on which you, Alan, said the following:

Pope Benedict has written powerfully on ‘relativism.’ Is there a reason you have chosen to ignore what our Pope has to say on the matter and instead expound from your own ‘authority’? What btw is your own authority?
Authority really means to be the author of something.

I take responsibility for my own words, therefore I have authority over them. That authority extends to the right to say I was wrong in the past. I do not presume to judge the emporer, but when from my point of view he has no clothes, then I hardly do myself or anyone else any good by joining in their asserting that by absolute definition, the emporer is always fully clothed.

In essence, my authority as far as I wish you to be concerned is whatever you make of me. Usually I am not original, in that I borrow other people’s ideas all the time. I am authoritative, though, in that if I don’t cite references I will stand by my word until such time as someone effectively knocks it down.

I can tell you my experiences, and my school of hard knocks or whatever it is that brought me to whatever glimpese of the truth I might get from my angle. You can take them or leave them. I am happy to talk about how it came to be that I adopted certain ideas. I am very transparent, often to a fault. If you think I have selfish motives, then hey, I’m interested in hearing you tell me what you see, and I am always willing to examine them because I want to be 99 44/100% pure. When I’m done with that, then I can move onto “being perfect as my heavenly Father is perfect.”

Alan
 
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AlanFromWichita:
The biggest issue I have with people who use “relativism” as a verbal bludgeon is their point is normally just as relativistic as the one they condemn, making them hyprocrites as well as fools. Sometimes it seems to be a matter of conflicting absolutes, and only an expanded understanding can reconcile them, although in any given reference frame it would appear we do indeed have no-win situations. Life is about winning in no-win situations, and Christ showed us how limited our pseudo-absolute ideas are, that are really artifacts of limited understandng. When He suggested they eat flesh and drink blood, He was suggesting they engage in something abominable and unthinkable. It would seem He was going against an absolute prohibition. Rather than admitting to relativistic interpretation of the ban on drinking blood, He just emphasized that in his expanded consciousness compared to our own, it not only makes sense but is mandatory.

Alan
Jesus said “I am the way, the truth, and the life. Noone gets to the Father except through me.”

Jesus said “Upon this Rock, I will build my Church and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it.”

The Church’s teachings on faith and morals are absolutely true or Jesus Himself was a liar or crazy. Using Jesus to justify relativism is like driving a car for exercise and using an exercise bike to drive to get to the store.

What you seem to be proposing is a worldview by which we could never say that what Hitler and Stalin did was wrong. I reject that worldview because of my faith but I also reject it using simple logic and reason.

Our Pope called it a “Dictatorship of Relativism” for a reason. There is no true freedom in a world that does not recognize boundaries. Ask any of the victims of the holocaust.
 
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AlanFromWichita:
The we use complexity to hide or try to absolute-ize relativism.
Alan
My entire experience has been the other way around – moral relativists create complexity to diffuse and obfuscate simple and absolute truth, with the underlying assumption that no one can know anything in absolute assurity. Depends upon which side of the fence that you are sitting? I know for sure what side that I am on.
 
AlanFromWichita said:
=I can tell you my experiences, and my school of hard knocks or whatever it is that brought me to whatever glimpese of the truth I might get from my angle. You can take them or leave them. I am happy to talk about how it came to be that I adopted certain ideas. I am very transparent, often to a fault. If you think I have selfish motives, then hey, I’m interested in hearing you tell me what you see, and I am always willing to examine them because I want to be 99 44/100% pure. When I’m done with that, then I can move onto “being perfect as my heavenly Father is perfect.”

Alan

You quote these passages from the Bible as if they are true. Is it you that say they are true or do you accept someone else’s authority on this?
 
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felra:
My entire experience has been the other way around – moral relativists create complexity to diffuse and obfuscate simple and absolute truth, with the underlying assumption that no one can know anything in absolute assurity. Depends upon which side of the fence that you are sitting? I know for sure what side that I am on.
Yes. The phrase the term they like to use is “certitude” as in “there is none.” What kind of God would create such a nonsensical world?
 
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AlanFromWichita:
As far as relativism being an evil in itself, that’s hogwash. When relativistic principles are applied to some very narrowly defined absolute truths, it can be problematic. You can say “1+1=10” is objectively false, but in doing so, you presuppose limitations and meanings upon the symbol “10” to think it actually means the decimal number “ten.” Why says it was in base 10, other than convention and experience? In base 2 the statement is entirely accurate. It’s all a matter of what meaning you attach to your symbols, and under what assumptions those symbols reflect reality. Anybody who thinks they are going teach me a thing or two by saying, "truth is absolute by nature, so 1+1=2 is always the case and alternative such as 1+1=10 are thereby false, has used a poor example of absolutism because I’m better at the symbol game and I know of countless examples where it is false. Again, all I have to do is change the rules so we are using binary instead of decimal and 1+1=10 becomes absolutely true, and 1+1=2 becomes completely meaningless.
This is hardly an argument that refutes absolutism and proves relativism. In the decimal system does 1+1 ever equal anything aside from 2?
 
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fix:
This is hardly an argument that refutes absolutism and proves relativism. In the decimal system does 1+1 ever equal anything aside from 2?
To refute alan -

If anyone observe an apple on a table with another apple, everyone would absolutely know that there are many. They would communicate this to someone else by putting up their forefinger and middle finger and point to the apples. Everyone including Alan would immediately understand there were the same amount there as the number of fingers they were holding up. Now somewhere along the line we chose to call this two.
 
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AlanFromWichita:
I’m not sure how the quote about my posting style is relevant here.
Ok. I will take you at your word.
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AlanFromWichita:
I do not deny that I occasionally have mischief mixed in with my hopefully good motives when I post.
It seems that I took you at your word prematurely. You seem to understand perfectly well the relevance of the quote.
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AlanFromWichita:
This is not one of them, though, at least in terms of my sincerity to the things I’m writing.
Well let us assume that this thread is a discussion. Your good faith, then, hinges on how faithful you have been in addressing each point of those who have attempted to have a discussion with you. As opposed to avoiding those same points and choosing tautology over furthering discussion.
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AlanFromWichita:
The very first negative encounter I had in my life with an authority figure was with a nun who insisted that I could not take three from two … Decades later I found out she really didn’t know anything about math and she had no idea about negative numbers.
Anecdotal. Also presumably an attempt at authorial/psychanalytical analysis. Useful only to see what mindset you bring to your responses. Ultimately, this is moot. The comparison between mathemetic/basenumbers and Magisterial teaching is a false analogy. However if you insist, then consider this:

In a base 10 worldview, the assumption that 1 + 1 = 10 refers to a base 10 equation and the conclusion is invalid. In a base 10 world, given the need to communicate clearly, the speaker would have to specify that 1 + 1 = 10 refers to a base 2 equation. In the latter case, the conclusion would be just hunkey dorey.
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AlanFromWichita:
In countless other times, people have told me of their supposed “absolute” truths and then proceeded to behave in a manner that makes their truths relative, or even completely unapplicable.
Red herring. We are not talking about ‘people.’ We are talking about Magisterial teaching.
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AlanFromWichita:
As far as relativism being an evil in itself, that’s hogwash.
Your opinion. Unsubstantiated. If you wish to refer to Pope Benedict’s work on ‘relativism’ go for it. That way we would have a discussion going. If not, it is just your opinion.
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AlanFromWichita:
Truth itself may be absolute in nature, but our understanding it and our codifying of it into human language always presumes numerous assumptions about the relationship between the verbal symbols and implications of the parables we are using, which are not constant across cultures or even within one individual from one moment to the next.
Protestantism. The Catholic view of truth is that some forms of truth are apprehendable through reason guided by faith and that other forms of truth are apprehendable only through faith. Pope JPII’s Fides et Ratio is a good source.
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AlanFromWichita:
we use complexity to hide or try to absolute-ize relativism.
Is this an attempt to consume modernism into post-modernism? If so, please set out in more detail.
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AlanFromWichita:
The biggest issue I have with people who use “relativism” as a verbal bludgeon is their point is normally just as relativistic as the one they condemn, making them hyprocrites as well as fools.
‘People’? This is a wild generalism. Just how many people have you polled? Unless it is in the billions, I don’t think your extrapolation from specific to general holds. If you wish to refer to specific claims then go for it. In fact, since you are again touching on ‘relativism’ please address the specific claims of Pope Benedict. Btw ‘hypocrites’ and ‘fools’ are somewhat harsh labels. Are you sure you want to go that route?
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AlanFromWichita:
Sometimes it seems to be a matter of conflicting absolutes, and only an expanded understanding can reconcile them
Again a generalism unsupported by example. What specific times are you talking about here? This argument sounds more like Buddhism than Catholicism.

continued…
 
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AlanFromWichita:
Life is about winning in no-win situations
To which authoritative text do you refer in defining Life? Choose one:

The Gospel
Donum Vitae
Humane Vitae
Evangelium Vitae
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AlanFromWichita:
and Christ showed us how limited our pseudo-absolute ideas are, that are really artifacts of limited understandng.
This is a claim. It is as yet undeveloped. Please develop it with references to authoritative texts.
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AlanFromWichita:
When He suggested they eat flesh and drink blood, He was suggesting they engage in something abominable and unthinkable. It would seem He was going against an absolute prohibition. Rather than admitting to relativistic interpretation of the ban on drinking blood, He just emphasized that in his expanded consciousness compared to our own, it not only makes sense but is mandatory.
John 6:24-69. It would benefit your point of view to refer to the Church’s teaching on the Real Presence. st_felicity and Church Militant have done a lot of analysis on this passage. They might be able to help you out. Otherwise your views are sounding very much like Reader Response; more specifically any combination of Impressionistic view, Psychoanalytic view, Hermeneutic view, Phenomenological hermeneutic view, Structuralist view, Political or ideological view, Post-structuralist view.
 
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AlanFromWichita:
Authority really means to be the author of something.
authority http://www.etymonline.com/graphics/dictionary.gif c.1230, autorite “book or quotation that settles an argument,” from O.Fr. auctorité, from L. auctoritatem (nom. auctoritas) “invention, advice, opinion, influence, command,” from auctor “author” (see author). Meaning “power to enforce obedience” is from 1393; meaning “people in authority” is from 1611. Authoritative first recorded 1609. Authoritarian is recorded from 1879.
author http://www.etymonline.com/graphics/dictionary.gif c.1300, autor “father,” from O.Fr. auctor, from L. auctorem (nom. auctor) “enlarger, founder,” lit. “one who causes to grow,” agent noun from augere “to increase” (see augment). Meaning “one who sets forth written statements” is from c.1380. The -t- changed to -th- on mistaken assumption of Gk. origin. The verb is attested from 1596. “…[W]riting means revealing onesself to excess … This is why one can never be alone enough when one writes, why even night is not night enough. … I have often thought that the best mode of life for me would be to sit in the innermost room of a spacious locked cellar with my writing things and a lamp. Food would be brought and always put down far away from my room, outside the cellar’s outermost door. The walk to my food, in my dressing gown, through the vaulted cellars, would be my only exercise. I would then return to my table, eat slowly and with deliberation, then start writing again at once. And how I would write! From what depths I would drag it up!” [Franz Kafka]
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AlanFromWichita:
I take responsibility for my own words, therefore I have authority over them.
‘Authority’ also has the sense of power but of a specific kind of power: that of legitimate power. In Catholicism, the question becomes “In whom resides the legitimate power to interpret?” Legitimacy, as Fides et Ratio points out, has much to do with reason and much to do with faith. And much to do with Magisterial teaching. The deposit of the faith was to the Church, not to the individual. Legitimacy and authority therefore cannot be divorced from the Church. Nor can it be divorced from reason and faith.

Your claim to take responsibility for your own words, although it may be made in good faith, is subject to the reason and faithfulness of your words. Faithfulness to what? To the Church. If your words are not subject to reason and are not faithful to the Church, then you cannot make the claim (logically) that you are responsible for them. Even according to your own definition, your claim to individual authority does not survive scrutiny.

If your words do grow up out of reason and faith, then they do not claim authority for yourself but for Jesus Christ by means of His Church.
 
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buffalo:
To refute alan -

If anyone observe an apple on a table with another apple, everyone would absolutely know that there are many. They would communicate this to someone else by putting up their forefinger and middle finger and point to the apples. Everyone including Alan would immediately understand there were the same amount there as the number of fingers they were holding up. Now somewhere along the line we chose to call this two.
Right. Two is always two. There is no way to manipulate that or nuance it.
 
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AlanFromWichita:
I’m not sure how the quote about my posting style is relevant here. I do not deny that I occasionally have mischief mixed in with my hopefully good motives when I post.
.

Alan
Thanks for the acknowledgement that you are a Troll. It saves me the bother of ever having to read or respond to any more of your posts.
 
Ani Ibi:
To which authoritative text do you refer in defining Life? Choose one:

The Gospel
Donum Vitae
Humane Vitae
Evangelium Vitae

This is a claim. It is as yet undeveloped. Please develop it with references to authoritative texts.

John 6:24-69. It would benefit your point of view to refer to the Church’s teaching on the Real Presence. st_felicity and Church Militant have done a lot of analysis on this passage. They might be able to help you out. Otherwise your views are sounding very much like Reader Response; more specifically any combination of Impressionistic view, Psychoanalytic view, Hermeneutic view, Phenomenological hermeneutic view, Structuralist view, Political or ideological view, Post-structuralist view.
Excellent and refreshing work.
 
Whoah! I guessed I stirred something up. OK, I’ll get to work. I’ll try to be concise as possible, which for me usually isn’t too concise. 😛
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Brad:
The Church’s teachings on faith and morals are absolutely true or Jesus Himself was a liar or crazy. Using Jesus to justify relativism is like driving a car for exercise and using an exercise bike to drive to get to the store.
I don’t understand your analogy. Are you trying to say Jesus was an absolutist? He was about love, but not about the written documents which consist of ink on paper and have no intrinsic life. Using written rules to justify condemning one another in Jesus’ name, is about like, I don’t know – probably like confusing an exercise bike for a car. If absolutism means you pick and choose which of Jesus’ teachings to apply in any given situation, then I don’t need any of them; I can be a sociopath without hiding behind flowery explanations as to why I threw the first stone at my brother for whom Christ died. I just say I don’t like his looks, and beg mercy for my pathetic state.
What you seem to be proposing is a worldview by which we could never say that what Hitler and Stalin did was wrong. I reject that worldview because of my faith but I also reject it using simple logic and reason.
What they did was destructive. I think it was a terrible wrong, but I’m not going to pray that they will burn in hell for it because Jesus taught us better than that. God if it means anything, I pray that Hitler and Stalin will have opened their eyes by the time they died and saw they had been deceived into working for the enemy. Please bless them and have mercy on their souls if it be Your will. Please bless us and help us heal from our own fears and bad associations with these people. I ask these things in Jesus’ name, amen.

Also, Lord, I pray in thanksgiving that good people sacrificed everything they had including their lives, so that they were defeat these people and put their regimes out of business. Like Christ, their deaths have gone in a way to set us free. Amen! Alleluia!

There. Maybe that’ll give you a better idea what I think of these guys. I prayed to do the prayers, but to challenge myself to draft a “Christian” response to those evildoers.
Our Pope called it a “Dictatorship of Relativism” for a reason. There is no true freedom in a world that does not recognize boundaries. Ask any of the victims of the holocaust.
Called what a dictatorship of relatism?

How is killing everybody who doesn’t fit a certain racial profile relative? That sounds pretty absolute to me.

When I am trying to figure culpability for a sin, relativism is good. When I am trying to figure how to kill everybody of a certain race or religious belief, absolutism is bad.

Why is it we have to take perfectly useful words like “relativism” and attach emotional significance to them as if the words themselves have hurt us?

Alan
 
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felra:
My entire experience has been the other way around – moral relativists create complexity to diffuse and obfuscate simple and absolute truth, with the underlying assumption that no one can know anything in absolute assurity. Depends upon which side of the fence that you are sitting? I know for sure what side that I am on.
My point is that moral relativists and moral absolutists both do that. They just underline different passages of the Bible.

Person One says that a certain act or attitude of another is a sin, and One thinks he is right even if the second protests because the first has “absolute” evidence and teachings. Jesus never watered down the Truth, although He was extremely patient. Therefore when we admonish the sinner, presuming to have been extremely patient, we justify at least a “tentative” adverse judgment of them as not only excusable, but we see it as Christlike because we have not shirked from our difficult duty to go against popularity.

Person Two says that Jesus taught us not to judge in an absolute way, and never stood by and allowed a sinner to be punished by other sinners. Therefore when we protest the punishment of a sinner by other sinners we are Christlike. To charges of moral relativism, we assert moral absolutism on the virtue of being slow to judge as more important than moral absolutism that drives us to punish each other.

We say the first is an absolutist and the second a relatist. For which did Christ die? Which is living his faith? Which is correct about the teachings of Jesus? Which is faithfully serving Christ’s Church? Which one can Christ forgive? Which is using absolute logic applied to selected teachings of Christ?

Both of them, of course.

Remember the Word is a two edged sword. It can cut either way, to curse or to bless. Just because words are true doesn’t mean they can’t be used to hurt others and thus be contrary to the higher Truth that is the real Good News. That’s why Paul says you can know all the facts and still have not love. What does that tell you about favoring absolutism in one aspect of Catholicism over proficiency in another? We are all members of the Body, and we are all different. We just think the others are evil because they don’t function like us. Thank God they don’t, or Christ might end up with two left feet.

Alan
 
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Brad:
You quote these passages from the Bible as if they are true. Is it you that say they are true or do you accept someone else’s authority on this?
Honestly, I have no first hand experience that any given Bible passage is objectively true.

I rely on faith in the Church and her teachings that the Bible is, in fact, true. So here I do accept somebody else’s authority because I Wasn’t There so I can’t really do the “Thomas thing” like I really wished I could do.

Alan
 
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Brad:
Yes. The phrase the term they like to use is “certitude” as in “there is none.” What kind of God would create such a nonsensical world?
Every word is nonsensicle to God. God’s first language is silence. This is something that contemplatives hear more about than most others.

The deepest form of prayer involves no words at all. Men create words to exchange their ideas. To the degree two men have the same understanding of and feelings about those words, is whether they receive the same idea the person speaking was trying to communicate – both in literal and implied messages. Remember, if the listener infers, then the miscommunication takes place anyway just as if the speaker had implied, so it behooves the speaker to know the audience’s baggage and stay away from it unless he is an expert at their point of view.

Alan
 
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fix:
This is hardly an argument that refutes absolutism and proves relativism. In the decimal system does 1+1 ever equal anything aside from 2?
Thank you for clearly stating that we are working within the decimal system. A computer nerd may not make that assumption. By stating your assumptions, you are allowing us to have a much more focused conversation than if you just use “well 1+1=2” as an indignant comeback or something. When someone shows me an attitude, the little imp inside of me hears a Double Dog Dare to prove them wrong. My bad, of course. :o

Blah blah, anyway. To answer your question, with pure numbers, I can’t think of one. If those numbers are actually used as symbols and point beyond themselves to physical realities, then we get relativistic effect. For example, if we are talking dollars, then $1 plus $1 does equal $2 unless you are a CEO.

If we are saying that 1 mph on a car + 1 mph on a car in the opposite direction = 2 mph speed at which they approach each other, that is not absolutely correct. Speeds do not add up mathematically, although at 2 mph range the difference is so minute it’s not likely to cause you to be late for dinner. For all intents and purposes then, this appears absolute but really is slightly relative.

Space and time themselves are not as we normally perceive them. We might call two lines parallel, but they may not be depending on the curvature of the space between them. Of course, it took a solar eclipse before Einstein’s fans and critics could measure that one with current technology.

Granted, this stuff is negligible for most folk. Astronomers care a lot, though. If the units involved are not miles per hour, but instead a somewhat higher unit of speed, such as (miles per second times 100,000) then we find that in mathematics, which is imaginary made-up absolute stuff that man uses, 1+1=2 while in the Real World, it’s closer to 1+1=1.55.

If you want to Try This At Home, take the speeds of two objects heading toward each other. The speed each will see the other approaching is determined by:
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Einstein:
Relative Speed = (Sa + Sb) / (1 + (Sa x Sb / c2) )
Where Sa and Sb are the two speeds relative to a single fixed observation point, and c is the speed of light. That would be 186,000 miles/sec, or 3x10^8 meters/sec approximately.

Try it with two trains going 100 mph each toward each other on the same track, and see how close to 200 mph they collide. Then try it with battling electrons shot by a TV tube at maybe 20,000 miles/second. If two streams collide head on, what is there collision speed. Then try it with two intergalactic light sails each going 1/2 the speed of light with respect to any given star or planet, when they hit head on.

Alan
 
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