The common Protestant understanding is that faith is the infallible conviction (fiduciary) in one’s own salvation. Catholics call that the gift of hope, whereas** the gift of faith, for Catholics is:**
"… a personal act - the free response of the human person to the initiative of God who reveals himself. (CCC 166) … an entirely free gift that God makes to man. (CCC 162) … the theological virtue by which we believe in God and believe all that he has said and revealed to us, and that Holy Church proposes for our belief (CCC 1814)
And, of course, faith alone (i.e., without charity) is nothing. We have seen that “faith alone” within Protestantism has tended toward antinomianism, which Luther himself railed against. Yet, it was Luther’s flawed, Scripturally contradictory formula which created antinomianism to begin with.
The common Protestant soteriology is based on the Augsburg Confession of the Lutherans in 1530, the Second Helvetic in 1566, the Reformed Church’s Westminster Confession in 1646.
Protestant “justification” is often defined as **“a legal or forensic term used in Scripture to denote the acceptance of anyone as righteous in the sight of God.” **
Catholics would agree that it is indeed a legal or forensic term, but that it does NOT have ONLY a legal or forensic meaning. For example, “marriage” can have a purely legal and forensic meaning, and is indeed often used solely in a legal way. However, not many Christians view “marriage” as having merely a legal and forensic character to it. Likewise, “justification” is not merely “legal or forensic,” but is much more than that in reality.
From the
Protestant Westminster Theological Seminary’s view:
"Justification is altogether a legal, declarative act on God’s part as the supreme Judge."
**“We deny that justification is in any sense a moral transformation or inner renewal.” **
"In justification God legally declares the sinner who in himself is still guilty and polluted to be righteous in Christ. Justification involves only the legal imputation or legal account of the perfect righteousness of Christ to the sinner. We deny that justification is by a grace given at conversion which enables sinners to do the law unto their justification."
(cited by Scott Hahn in his justification debate with Robert Knudsen,
mindspring.com/~jdarcy/files/justify.htm)
The above understanding of justification is totally incompatible with the Catholic view.
Just as in the example of marriage, Christians are not ONLY made legally or forensically married, but OUGHT to understand that they are TRULY united, not just legally, but really.
Same with justification. The Catholic view …
"The master idea of the Catholic faith in general and the doctrine of justification of the Catholic Church in particular is the family of God. We receive in justification, not a legal acquittal only, but nothing less than the full gift of divine sonship, living, active and powerful, simultaneous with when we are first justified."
"… Justification, then, understood in the Catholic way, involves both the imputation of legal righteousness as the Protestants believe, but also the infusion of Christ’s life and grace as the divine son so that in Christ we become at justification living, breathing sons of God, not just legally but actually."
… we believe that that word of justification goes forth in power. In other words, God does what he declares. In the very act of declaring us just he makes us just because His Word is omnipotent, it’s all-powerful. Isaiah 55:11: “So shall my Word go forth from my mouth. It shall not return to me void, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose.” (Hahn, ibid)